{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T04:07:11Z","timestamp":1750738031873,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H04492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H04492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K21128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K21128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Research Grants of the School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University","award":["No. 2022-1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022-1001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we developed an omnidirectional rotating Compton camera that was capable of imaging low-level radioactive contamination caused by <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>Lu-oxodotreotide, a novel radiopharmaceutical that has recently been attracting attention in nuclear medicine. The detector employs a compact design that comprises only six scintillator crystals mounted on a motorized rotating stage. By optimizing the crystal type and size, and optimizing the interval between crystals, the detector is able to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, including observable gamma-ray energies, dose rates, and angular resolution. Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 were conducted to optimize the configuration of the detector. Based on the results of the simulation, a prototype detector using six 3.5\u2009cm cubic <jats:inline-formula id=\"pone.0325586.e003\"><jats:alternatives><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"pone.0325586.e003g\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"anchor\" xlink:href=\"info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325586.e003\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CaF<\/mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo><mml:mtext>Eu<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> crystals was developed for visualizing <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>Lu-contaminated sites. The experimental results demonstrated that the detector could successfully visualize an unsealed <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>Lu -oxodotreotide source with high sensitivity without being affected by gamma rays from <jats:sub>99<\/jats:sub>TC, which is also present in nuclear medicine facilities. The developed rotating Compton camera technology is anticipated to serve as a reliable environmental monitoring tool in nuclear medicine facilities. Through its ability to rapidly detect radioactive contamination, this detector has the potential to reduce the radiation exposure risks for both medical professionals and the general public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1750700492000},"page":"e0325586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an omnidirectional rotating Compton camera for imaging 177Lu radioactive contamination"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0319-5988","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hikari","family":"Tsukamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Muraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoji","family":"Enomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-8819","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Katagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kagaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-1333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takara","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Fukumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7936-8964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazuya","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Ishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325586.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0073-9","article-title":"Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges","volume":"19","author":"G Sgouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325586.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/rycan.220157","article-title":"A review of theranostics: perspectives on emerging approaches and clinical advancements","volume":"5","author":"BJ Burkett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol Imaging Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325586.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30821-6","article-title":"Radiotheranostics: a roadmap for future development","volume":"21","author":"K Herrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325586.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607427","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of 177Lu-dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"376","author":"J Strosberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref005","article-title":"First demonstration of portable Compton camera to visualize 223-Ra concentration for radionuclide therapy","volume":"958","author":"K Fujieda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref006","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. 2007."},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref007","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1991."},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.03.008","article-title":"Development of a high sensitivity pinhole type gamma camera using semiconductors for low dose rate fields","volume":"893","author":"Y Ueno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325586.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2006.01.119","article-title":"Development of a portable gamma camera with coded aperture","volume":"563","author":"O Gal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325586.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2019.2939948","article-title":"Real-Time Free-Moving Active Coded Mask 3D Gamma-Ray Imaging","volume":"66","author":"D Hellfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Nucl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref011","article-title":"Nanopix-v1: A compact miniaturized coded-aperture gamma imager","volume":"1068","author":"G Amoyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.04.096","article-title":"Applications and imaging techniques of a Si\/CdTe compton gamma-ray camera","volume":"37","author":"S Takeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Procedia"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2013.07.018","article-title":"Handy Compton camera using 3D position-sensitive scintillators coupled with large-area monolithic MPPC arrays","volume":"732","author":"J Kataoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41511","article-title":"Establishment of imaging spectroscopy of nuclear gamma-rays based on geometrical optics","volume":"7","author":"T Tanimori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325586.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1051\/aas:2000101","article-title":"The first COMPTEL source catalogue","volume":"143","author":"V Sch\u00f6nfelder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325586.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(87)90410-4","article-title":"A new method to measure energy, direction, and polarization of gamma rays","volume":"260","author":"T Kamae","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0325586.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JATIS.4.2.021402","article-title":"Hitomi (ASTRO-H) X-ray Astronomy Satellite","volume":"4","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Astron Telesc Instrum Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325586.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac6103","article-title":"First observation of the MeV gamma-ray universe with bijective imaging spectroscopy using the electron-tracking compton telescope on board SMILE-2+","volume":"930","author":"A Takada","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2022.102765","article-title":"Reconstruction of multiple Compton scattering events in MeV gamma-ray Compton telescopes towards GRAMS: The physics-based probabilistic model","volume":"144","author":"H Yoneda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Astropart Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325586.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208909","article-title":"Electron-tracking Compton camera imaging of technetium-95m","volume":"13","author":"Y Hatsukawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0325586.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125013","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab8e89","article-title":"Whole gamma imaging: a new concept of PET combined with Compton imaging","volume":"65","author":"E Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325586.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49130-z","article-title":"Compton imaging with 99mTc for human imaging","volume":"9","author":"M Sakai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref023","first-page":"377","article-title":"The Polaris-H imaging spectrometer","volume":"784","author":"CG Wahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41972","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41972","article-title":"First On-Site True Gamma-Ray Imaging-Spectroscopy of Contamination near Fukushima Plant","volume":"7","author":"D Tomono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncad106","article-title":"Visualization software for radioactive contamination based on Compton camera: COMRIS","volume":"199","author":"Y Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref026","first-page":"25","article-title":"Development of a low-cost-high-sensitivity Compton camera using CsI (Tl) scintillators (\u03b3I)","volume":"804","author":"M Kagaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325586.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026401","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.57.026401","article-title":"Development of an omnidirectional gamma-ray imaging Compton camera for low-radiation-level environmental monitoring","volume":"57","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Appl Phys"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325586.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2018.1485598","article-title":"Development of an all-sky gamma-ray Compton camera based on scintillators for high-dose environments","volume":"55","author":"H Katagiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325586.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065029","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aae6b8","article-title":"Remote measurement of urinary radioactivity in 18F-FDG PET patients using Compton camera for accuracy evaluation of standardized uptake value","volume":"4","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"issue":"155","key":"pone.0325586.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/60463","article-title":"Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera","author":"H Muraishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref031","article-title":"Development of an omnidirectional Compton camera using CaF_2(Eu) scintillators to visualize gamma rays with energy below 250\u2009keV for radioactive environmental monitoring in nuclear medicine facilities","volume":"996","author":"H Katagiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0325586.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090911","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/abb20d","article-title":"Shift-invariant gamma-ray imaging by adding a detector rotation function to a high-sensitivity omnidirectional Compton camera","volume":"59","author":"H Muraishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J Appl Phys"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref033","volume-title":"Radiation detection and measurement","author":"GF Knoll","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325586.ref034","first-page":"250","article-title":"Geant4\u2014a simulation toolkit","volume":"506","author":"S Agostinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref035","first-page":"186","article-title":"Recent developments in Geant4","volume":"835","author":"J Allison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325586.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2008.920264","article-title":"Hardware-Based TCP Processor for Gigabit Ethernet","volume":"55","author":"T Uchida","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Nucl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref037","first-page":"81","article-title":"ROOT\u2014An object oriented data analysis framework","volume":"389","author":"R Brun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"pone.0325586.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilderman SJ, Clinthorne NH, Fessler JA, Rogers WL. List-mode maximum likelihood reconstruction of Compton scatter camera images in nuclear medicine. In: 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (Cat. No.98CH36255). 1716\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/nssmic.1998.773871","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.1998.773871"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325586","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:41:47Z","timestamp":1750700507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325586"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hesham M.H.","family":"Zakaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]}}}