{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:18:41Z","timestamp":1772846321375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015704","name":"Bonneville Power Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Lower Columbia River and Estuary is critical rearing habitat for juvenile Pacific salmon. Extending from the river mouth to Bonneville Dam 235 river kilometers upstream, the Estuary has been altered by dams, dikes, and habitat loss due to deforestation and wetland removal. Since 2008, five sites have been monitored to identify the long-term status and trends in Lower Columbia River and Estuary juvenile salmon rearing habitat. Here, we address predominantly natural origin juvenile Chinook <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha<\/jats:italic> diets and identify spatial and temporal trends in prey consumption, stomach fullness, energy consumption, and the metabolic costs associated with fish size and water temperatures. Juvenile Chinook diets consisted mainly of corophiid amphipods, chironomid dipterans, and cladocerans, with other insects filling in most of the remainder of their diets. Juvenile Chinook salmon diets were stable over time, and stomach fullness and caloric intake was comparable among the sites where most salmon were collected. Juvenile Chinook salmon were frequently in water temperatures above fitness thresholds and higher water temperatures and metabolic rates will require increased foraging as water temperatures rise. Reduced growth, earlier migration, and mismatches between prey production and foraging are near term possibilities. Juvenile salmon rearing resiliency in the estuary can be aided by maintaining sufficient river discharge levels for salmon, and by restoring habitat and habitat connectivity to the mainstem channel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T17:33:12Z","timestamp":1749749592000},"page":"e0325939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Subyearling Chinook salmon diets in Lower Columbia River estuarine habitats"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8711-9263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kerry","family":"Accola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Cordell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"Oxborrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Toft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Suzumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325939.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404070-0.50025-9","volume-title":"Estuarine comparisons. Juvenile Pacific salmon in estuaries: the life support system","author":"M Healey","year":"1982"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0325939.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1139\/f82-038","article-title":"Juvenile salmon residency in a marsh area of the Fraser River estuary","volume":"39","author":"DA Levy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404070-0.50026-0","article-title":"The role of Puget Sound and Washington coastal estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: an unappreciated function.","volume-title":"Estuarine Comparisons","author":"CA Simenstad","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325939.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2307\/1352336","article-title":"Salmonid Fishes and the Estuarine Environment","volume":"17","author":"JE Thorpe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref005","unstructured":"Reimers PE. The length of residence of juvenile fall Chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon. 1971;111."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325939.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02803366","article-title":"Estuarine influence on survival rates of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released from hatcheries on the U.S. Pacific coast","volume":"26","author":"A Magnusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0325939.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2419.2003.00231.x","article-title":"Prey selectivity and diel feeding chronology of juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon in the Columbia River plume","volume":"12","author":"R Schabetsberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fisheries Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref008","volume-title":"The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout: 2nd edition","author":"T Quinn","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2960\/J.v8.a6","article-title":"A Review of Size Dependant Survival During Pre-recruit Stages of Fishes in Relation to Recruitment","volume":"8","author":"JT Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Northw Atl Fish Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325939.ref010","first-page":"5","article-title":"The length of residence of juvenile fall chinook salmon in selected Columbia River tributaries","volume":"13","author":"PE Reimers","year":"1967","journal-title":"Fish Comm Oregon Res Briefs"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref011","volume-title":"Experiments in marking young chinook salmon on the Columbia River, 1916 to 1927. (1929), pp. 215- S 264, 85 figs","author":"WH Rich","year":"1929"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14069","article-title":"Freshwater growth can provide a survival advantage to Interior Columbia River spring Chinook salmon after ocean entry","volume":"691","author":"CR Norrie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref013","first-page":"74","article-title":"Early life history and seaward migration of Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Sacramento Rivers","volume":"37","author":"WH Rich","year":"1920","journal-title":"US Bur Fish Bull"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref014","volume-title":"Pacific salmon life histories","author":"C Groot","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref015","unstructured":"Bottom D, Simenstad C, Baptista A, Jay D, Burke J, Jones K. Salmon at River\u2019s End: The Role of the Estuary in the Decline and Recovery of Columbia River Salmon. 2005."},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref016","article-title":"Wetland loss, juvenile salmon foraging performance, and density dependence in Pacific Northwest estuaries","volume":"39","author":"A David","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuaries and Coasts"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref017","volume-title":"The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout, Their Fight for Survival","author":"A Netboy","year":"1980"},{"issue":"5493","key":"pone.0325939.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5493.977","article-title":"Recovery and management options for spring\/summer chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin","volume":"290","author":"P Kareiva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref019","unstructured":"Fresh K, Casillas E, Johnson L, Bottom D. Role of the Estuary in the Recovery of Columbia River Basin Salmon and Steelhead: An Evaluation of Selected Factors on Population Viability. 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325939.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/19425120.2012.675982","article-title":"Distribution, size, and origin of juvenile chinook salmon in shallow-water habitats of the lower Columbia River and estuary, 2002\u20132007","volume":"4","author":"GC Roegner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325939.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1080\/00028487.2016.1172509","article-title":"Residency and Movement of Juvenile Chinook Salmon at Multiple Spatial Scales in a Tidal Marsh of the Columbia River Estuary","volume":"145","author":"RA McNatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans Am Fish Soc"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/941582","volume-title":"Salmon Life Histories, Habitat, and Food Webs in the Columbia River Estuary: An Overview of Research Results, 2002-2006","author":"DL Bottom","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref023","unstructured":"Rao S, Kidd SA, Fuller RN, McNatt R, Poppe K, Peterson TD, et al. Lower Columbia River Ecosystem Monitoring Program Annual Report for Year 15 (October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2019). Prepared by the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership for the Bonneville Power Administration. Available from the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership, Portland, OR. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref024","volume-title":"Historical population structure of Pacific salmonids in the Willamette River and the lower Columbia River basins.","author":"JM Myers","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(90)90002-J","article-title":"Columbia river estuary studies: An introduction to the estuary, a brief history, and prior studies","volume":"25","author":"CA Simenstad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-017-0523-7","article-title":"Habitat change in the lower Columbia River estuary, 1870\u20132009","volume":"21","author":"K Marcoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Conservation"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref027","unstructured":"Good TP, Waples RS, Adams PB. Updated status of federally listed ESUs of West Coast salmon and steelhead. 2005."},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref028","volume-title":"Columbia River Estuary ESA Recovery Plan Module for Salmon and Steelhead. NMFS Northwest Region","author":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(90)90011-P","article-title":"Historical changes in the Columbia River Estuary","volume":"25","author":"CR Sherwood","year":"1990","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref030","unstructured":"Bottom D, Jones K, Herring M. Fishes of the Columbia River estuary. Final Report on the Fish Work Unit of the Columbia River Estuary Data Development Program. 1984 Jan 1."},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref031","article-title":"Utilization of the Columbia River estuary by subyearling chinook salmon","volume":"60","author":"GT McCabe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Northwest Science"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottom D, Baptista A, Burke J, Campbell L, Casillas E, Hinton S, et al. 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Prepared by the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership for the Bonneville Power Administration","author":"SA Kidd","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref036","article-title":"An Introduction to The Aquatic Insects of North America: Fourth Edition","author":"R Merritt","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0325939.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1976)105<72:OAUOZB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Occurrence and Utilization of Zooplankton by Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River","volume":"105","author":"DR Craddock","year":"1976","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325939.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1139\/f78-215","article-title":"Capture probability: The role of zooplankter escape in the selective feeding of planktivorous fish","volume":"35","author":"RW Drenner","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Fish Res Bd Can"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20111228","volume-title":"Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification\u2014Concept and Application","author":"C Simenstad","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref040","volume-title":"Juvenile salmon ecology in tidal freshwater wetlands of the lower Columbia River and estuary: synthesis of the ecosystem monitoring program, 2005-2010","author":"J Sagar","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-8574(00)00082-3","article-title":"Ecological assessment criteria for restoring anadromous salmonid habitat in Pacific Northwest estuaries","volume":"15","author":"CA Simenstad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325939.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/eff.12398","article-title":"Variability in the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon is explained primarily by when and where they resided in estuarine habitats","volume":"27","author":"P Chittaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref043","volume-title":"Lower Columbia River Ecosystem Monitoring Program Annual Report for Year 14 (October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018). Prepared by the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership for the Bonneville Power Administration","author":"SA Kidd","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref044","unstructured":"Washington State Water Quality Standards. WAC 173-201A-200. Fresh water designated uses and criteria. 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325939.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(2001)130<0583:EAOIOP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Empirical Assessment of Indices of Prey Importance in the Diets of Predacious Fish","volume":"130","author":"H Liao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref046","unstructured":"Gray A. The salmon river estuary: restoring tidal inundation and tracking ecosystem response. 2005."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0325939.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063046","article-title":"Environmental conditions impacting juvenile Chinook salmon growth off central California: An ecosystem model analysis","volume":"42","author":"J Fiechter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref048","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref049","volume-title":"Studio: Integrated Development Environment for R","author":"Posit team","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref050","first-page":"378","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"M Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R Journal"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref051","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Simpson G, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin P. 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The effect of temperature on the spatial interaction of juvenile chinook salmon and the redside shiner and their morphological differences. Doctorate dissertation. Idaho State University; 1991."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325939.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-008-9367-1","article-title":"Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook salmon in a California river","volume":"83","author":"CA Jeffres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental Biology of Fishes"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0325939.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1139\/F10-080","article-title":"Energy dynamics and growth of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Central Valley of California during the estuarine phase and first ocean year","volume":"67","author":"RB MacFarlane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0325939.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2020-0247","article-title":"Chinook salmon exhibit long-term rearing and early marine growth in the Fraser River, British Columbia, a large urban estuary","volume":"78","author":"L Chalifour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2010.11.028","article-title":"Functions of restored wetlands for juvenile salmon in an industrialized estuary","volume":"37","author":"J Cordell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0325939.ref074","article-title":"The estuarine growth and residency of juvenile Pacific salmon in North America: a compilation of empirical data","volume":"81","author":"M Arbeider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T17:33:35Z","timestamp":1749749615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325939"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Magnuson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325939","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}