{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T03:01:16Z","timestamp":1787626876473,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Buparvaquone (BPQ) is used for the treatment of bovine theileriosis, a tickborne disease caused by parasites of the <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic> genus. Studies on <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic> have linked the mechanism of BPQ resistance predominantly to genetic variations in the parasite cytochrome b (<jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic>) gene. In addition, cryptic mechanisms of resistance involving the parasite peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (<jats:italic>pin1<\/jats:italic>) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (<jats:italic>dhodh<\/jats:italic>) genes require assessment. In India, where bovine theileriosis is endemic, and BPQ is widely used for treatment, it is necessary to establish the prevalence of genetic variations linked to BPQ resistance. In this study, multiplexed PCR amplification and nanopore sequencing method was used for genotyping the complete gene loci of the three target genes. Analysis of 454 <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic> field samples collected from seven different states of India revealed the presence of previously reported BPQ resistance associated variations S129G, A146T and P253S in <jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic> gene and A53P in <jats:italic>pin1<\/jats:italic> gene. The A146T and I203V variations in <jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic> were found to be prevalent and mostly co-occurring, and their role in BPQ resistance needs further evaluation. This study has revealed the presence of previously reported BPQ resistance-linked mutations in <jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pin1<\/jats:italic> genes in <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic> infecting dairy cattle in India and establishes an Oxford nanopore sequencing method suitable for large-scale surveillance of genetic variation in <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic> parasites from field samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T17:23:37Z","timestamp":1752859417000},"page":"e0326243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identification of genetic variations linked to buparvaquone resistance in Theileria annulata infecting dairy cattle in 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