{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1793016547310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Black bass (\n                    <jats:italic>Micropterus spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are the most important warmwater game fishes in the United States. They have high socioeconomic and recreational value and support an important aquaculture industry. Since 2008, fisheries managers have been reporting the observation of hyperpigmented melanistic lesions (HPMLs) on smallmouth bass (\n                    <jats:italic>M. dolomieu<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in different ecoregions of the United States. Similar HPMLs have been observed in largemouth bass (\n                    <jats:italic>M. nigricans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) since the 1980\u2019s. Here, we report the association between novel adomaviruses and the hallmark blotchy clinical presentation of hyperpigmented lesions on the skin of smallmouth and largemouth black bass. The two adomaviruses are structurally and phylogenetically similar but share only 68.0% identity at aligned nucleotide sites and each has been found in only one host species to date. The manifestation of this skin disease appears to be seasonal (observed between the fall and spring) in both species, primarily affects adults and is of unknown health consequence. Although the significance of infection to fish health remains unclear, understanding the disease ecology of these viruses can inform biosecurity and the interjurisdictional movement of individuals. Moreover, as hyperpigmentation in other fish species is often idiopathic, our findings reframe perspectives for future investigations into this clinical presentation in other species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:31:08Z","timestamp":1765996268000},"page":"e0326402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Novel adomaviruses associated with blotchy bass syndrome in black basses (Micropterus spp.)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-6178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke R.","family":"Iwanowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0403-190X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clayton D.","family":"Raines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey T.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki S.","family":"Blazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Odenkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Michael","family":"Hessenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan A.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-9976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Scott","family":"Cornman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11743-2","article-title":"Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus)","volume":"12","author":"D Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref002","unstructured":"Associates S. Sportfishing in America: a reliable economic force. 2020."},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref003","volume-title":"Largemouth bass aquaculture","author":"J Tidwell","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10187","article-title":"Conservation of black bass diversity: an emerging management paradigm","volume":"44","author":"AT Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326402.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10520","article-title":"Perceived ecological threats and economic benefits of non-native black bass in the United States","volume":"46","author":"L Seguy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326402.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbre.2024.01.004","article-title":"Current status and application of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) germplasm resources","volume":"4","author":"P Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reproduction and Breeding"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326402.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2017-0052","article-title":"Evaluating spatial and temporal variability in growth and mortality for recreational fisheries with limited catch data","volume":"75","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref008","unstructured":"Smith G, Blazer V, Walsh H, Iwanowicz LR, Starliper CE, Sperry A. The Effects of disease-related mortality of young-of-year smallmouth bass on population characteristics in the susquehanna river basin, pennsylvania and potential implications to conservation of black bass diversity. In: American Fisheries Society Symposium, 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1577\/H10-002.1","article-title":"Mortality of centrarchid fishes in the Potomac drainage: survey results and overview of potential contributing factors","volume":"22","author":"VS Blazer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Aquat Anim Health"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03480","article-title":"Hyperpigmented melanistic skin lesions of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu from the Chesapeake Bay watershed","volume":"139","author":"VS Blazer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref011","volume-title":"Monitoring of wild fish health at selected sites in the Great Lakes Basin: methods and preliminary results","author":"V Blazer","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref012","unstructured":"Carlson DM. Unusual pigmentation on largemouth bass. In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference, 1989."},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blazer VS, Mazik P, Iwanowicz LR, Braham RP, Hahn CM, Walsh HL, et al. Monitoring of wild fish health at selected sites in the Great Lakes Basin\u2014Methods and preliminary results. 2014.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20141027"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326402.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041989","article-title":"Evidence of melanoma in wild marine fish populations","volume":"7","author":"M Sweet","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02553","article-title":"Hyperpigmentation in North Sea dab Limanda limanda. II. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and pathogen screening","volume":"103","author":"PA Noguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400311","article-title":"Dermal melanoma with schwannoma-like differentiation in a brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus)","volume":"14","author":"K Sakamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326402.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12031","article-title":"Spontaneous melanotic lesions in axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne (Risso)","volume":"36","author":"P Ramos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12112","article-title":"Skin pathology in Hawaiian goldring surgeonfish, Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett)","volume":"37","author":"TM Work","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326402.ref019","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Chromatophoromas and chromatophore hyperplasia in Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.)","volume":"53","author":"MS Okihiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326402.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-019-01819-3","article-title":"Black-spot syndrome in Caribbean fishes linked to trematode parasite infection (Scaphanocephalus expansus)","volume":"38","author":"ZF Kohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023028","article-title":"Black spot diseases in seven commercial fish species from the English channel and the North Sea: infestation levels, identification and population genetics of Cryptocotyle spp","volume":"30","author":"M Duflot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00021659","article-title":"The Neascus (Posthodiplostomulum) stage of posthodiplostomutn nanumdubois and an experimental determination of part of the life cycle","volume":"41","author":"MO Williams","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(90)90369-6","article-title":"A possible correlation between environmental chemicals and pigment cell neoplasia in fish","volume":"94","author":"N Kinae","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14033","article-title":"Factors influencing the prevalence of hyperpigmented melanistic lesions in smallmouth bass micropterus dolomieu in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania","volume":"48","author":"MK Schall","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"49","key":"pone.0326402.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59302","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35097-6","article-title":"Tissue distribution and temporal and spatial assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in the mid-Atlantic United States","volume":"31","author":"VS Blazer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326402.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm091","article-title":"Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3","volume":"23","author":"T Koressaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0326402.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.12.007","article-title":"A completely reimplemented MPI bioinformatics toolkit with a new HHpred server at its core","volume":"430","author":"L Zimmermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6557","key":"pone.0326402.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8754","article-title":"Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network","volume":"373","author":"M Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4519","article-title":"DALI shines a light on remote homologs: One hundred discoveries","volume":"32","author":"L Holm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"issue":"7873","key":"pone.0326402.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8030","key":"pone.0326402.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07809-y","article-title":"Birth of protein folds and functions in the virome","volume":"633","author":"J Nomburg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck CB, Welch N, Belford AK, Varsani A, Pastrana DV, Tisza MJ, et al. Widespread horizontal gene transfer among animal viruses. 2024.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97647.1"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326402.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326402.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3868-5","article-title":"Reproductive health indicators of fishes from Pennsylvania watersheds: association with chemicals of emerging concern","volume":"186","author":"VS Blazer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"R Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326402.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163962","article-title":"SeqKit: a cross-platform and ultrafast toolkit for FASTA\/Q file manipulation","volume":"11","author":"W Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7563.1","article-title":"Differential analyses for RNA-seq: transcript-level estimates improve gene-level inferences","volume":"4","author":"C Soneson","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0326402.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis","volume":"44","author":"J Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"I Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326402.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108277","article-title":"SDT: a virus classification tool based on pairwise sequence alignment and identity calculation","volume":"9","author":"BM Muhire","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0326402.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01479-19","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of an adomavirus associated with raised mucoid skin lesions on smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu)","volume":"9","author":"LR Iwanowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326402.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02280-z","article-title":"Indexing and searching petabase-scale nucleotide resources","volume":"21","author":"SA Shiryev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref044","article-title":"Widespread horizontal gene transfer among animal viruses","author":"CB Buck","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref045","author":"NL Welch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Identification of adomavirus virion proteins"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref046","article-title":"Microscopic and molecular evidence of the first elasmobranch adomavirus, the cause of skin disease in a giant guitarfish, rhynchobatus djiddensis","volume":"9","author":"JA Dill","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref047","author":"NL Welch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Identification of adomavirus virion proteins"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-022-00180-x","article-title":"Revealing the uncharacterised diversity of amphibian and reptile viruses","volume":"2","author":"EF Harding","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326402.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00118-24","article-title":"Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses","volume":"98","author":"VA Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-024-06019-1","article-title":"Host and geography impact virus diversity in New Zealand\u2019s longfin and shortfin eels","volume":"169","author":"SJ Waller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.109884","article-title":"Host specificity shapes fish viromes across lakes on an isolated remote island","volume":"587","author":"RM Grimwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12939","article-title":"Persistent development of adomavirus and aquareovirus in a novel cell line from marbled eel with petechial skin haemorrhage","volume":"42","author":"H-Y Pao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.057","article-title":"Novel DNA virus isolated from samples showing endothelial cell necrosis in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica","volume":"412","author":"T Mizutani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812211-2.00013-5","article-title":"Japanese eel endothelial cell-infecting virus.","volume-title":"Aquaculture pathophysiology","author":"PH. Chang","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470052","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1470052","article-title":"Novel adomavirus associated with proliferative skin lesions affecting the dermal denticles of a sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)","volume":"11","author":"AL Powell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326402.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13500","article-title":"Isolation of a novel adomavirus from cultured American eels, Anguilla rostrata, with haemorrhagic gill necrosis disease","volume":"44","author":"J-X Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326402.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05516-5","article-title":"Recent changes to virus taxonomy ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2022)","volume":"167","author":"PJ Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.1.18","article-title":"Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch\u2019s postulates","volume":"9","author":"DN Fredricks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.33.1.1-12.1937","article-title":"Viruses and Koch\u2019s Postulates","volume":"33","author":"TM Rivers","year":"1937","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.20993-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of DNA virus evolution","author":"ML Szpara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Virology"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01812","article-title":"Molecular evolution of human adenoviruses","volume":"3","author":"CM Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.05.012","article-title":"Evolution of the papillomaviridae","volume":"445","author":"K Van Doorslaer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref063","article-title":"The ancient evolutionary history of polyomaviruses","volume":"12","author":"CB Buck","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326402.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006013","article-title":"Genome-wide estimation of the spontaneous mutation rate of human adenovirus 5 by high-fidelity deep sequencing","volume":"12","author":"J Risso-Ballester","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1080\/02755947.2017.1327902","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic population structure of Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania","volume":"37","author":"MK Schall","year":"2017","journal-title":"North American J Fisheries Manag"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.07.020","article-title":"The E1 proteins","volume":"445","author":"M Bergvall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac045","article-title":"Epidemiological inference from pathogen genomes: a review of phylodynamic models and applications","volume":"8","author":"LA Featherstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.10.011","article-title":"Enhancing the ecological realism of evolutionary mismatch theory","volume":"37","author":"L Pollack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2000)012<0189:TAROWD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Temperature-associated regression of walleye dermal sarcoma tumors","volume":"12","author":"RG Getchell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Aquatic Animal Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1577\/H03-076.1","article-title":"Prevalence of walleye discrete epidermal hyperplasia by age-class in Walleyes from Oneida Lake, New York","volume":"16","author":"RG Getchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Aquatic Animal Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref071","first-page":"39","article-title":"Impacts of low temperature on the teleost immune system","volume":"6","author":"QH Abram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0346","article-title":"Are fish immunocompetent enough to face climate change?","volume":"20","author":"A Franke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15163","article-title":"Temperature effects on teleost immunity in the light of climate change","volume":"101","author":"JP Scharsack","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326402.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2006.08.016","article-title":"Seasonal variation and the immune response: a fish perspective","volume":"22","author":"TJ Bowden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref075","unstructured":"Gross TS, Wieser CM, Sepulveda MS, Wiebe JJ, Schoeb TR, Denslow ND. Characterization of annual reproductive cycles for pond-reared Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus. In: American Fisheries Society Symposium, 2002. 205\u201312."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-011-0776-0","article-title":"Histologic, immunologic and endocrine biomarkers indicate contaminant effects in fishes of the Ashtabula River","volume":"21","author":"LR Iwanowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45324-w","article-title":"Androgen drives melanoma invasiveness and metastatic spread by inducing tumorigenic fucosylation","volume":"15","author":"Q Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref078","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surface area of \u2018blotchy bass\u2019 spots change over time in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu Lacep\u00e8de, 1802)","volume":"6","author":"K Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Keystone J Undergrad Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326402.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13037","article-title":"The delicate relation between melanocytes and skin immunity: a game of hide and seek","volume":"35","author":"R Speeckaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0326402.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9769","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249769","article-title":"Melanogenesis connection with innate immunity and toll-like receptors","volume":"21","author":"S Koike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref081","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Roles of inflammation factors in melanogenesis (Review)","volume":"21","author":"C Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326402.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13908","article-title":"Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated melanocytes from lightly and darkly pigmented skin","volume":"28","author":"I Tam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326402.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12481934","article-title":"Expression and secretion of leukocyte chemotactic cytokines by normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells","volume":"97","author":"CO Zachariae","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326402.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12376970","article-title":"Synthesis of interleukin-1 alpha and beta by normal human melanocytes","volume":"102","author":"VB Swope","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09040-7","article-title":"Implication of immunobiological function of melanocytes in dermatology","volume":"68","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08163-7","article-title":"Preferential stimulation of melanocytes by M2 macrophages to produce melanin through vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"12","author":"H Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109523","article-title":"The melano-macrophage: the black leukocyte of fish immunity","volume":"148","author":"H Bj\u00f8rgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228530","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1228530","article-title":"Melanin: a unifying theory of disease as exemplified by Parkinson\u2019s, Alzheimer\u2019s, and Lewy body dementia","volume":"14","author":"SZ Berg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326402.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10491","article-title":"A Fishery after the decline: the Susquehanna River Smallmouth Bass Story","volume":"45","author":"MK Schall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1371-x","article-title":"Laboratory investigation into the role of largemouth bass virus (Ranavirus, Iridoviridae) in smallmouth bass mortality events in Pennsylvania rivers","volume":"14","author":"T Boonthai","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref091","unstructured":"Starliper C, Blazer V, Iwanowicz L, Walsh H. Microbial isolates in diseased fishes, primarily smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), within the Chesapeake Bay drainage in 2009-2011. 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326402.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2307\/2425905","article-title":"Courtship and Spawning Behavior in Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui)","volume":"122","author":"MS Ridgway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Midland Nat"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0326402.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304319110","article-title":"Teleost skin, an ancient mucosal surface that elicits gut-like immune responses","volume":"110","author":"Z Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0326402.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2019.105458","article-title":"Can smartphones kill Trout? Mortality of memorable-sized Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) after photo-releases","volume":"223","author":"BA Joubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fisheries Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0326402.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae704","article-title":"ViraLM: empowering virus discovery through the genome foundation model","volume":"40","author":"C Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa100","article-title":"Cenote-Taker 2 democratizes virus discovery and sequence annotation","volume":"7","author":"MJ Tisza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326402.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03320-9","article-title":"VirRep: a hybrid language representation learning framework for identifying viruses from human gut metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"Y Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326402.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011422","article-title":"VIRify: an integrated detection, annotation and taxonomic classification pipeline using virus-specific protein profile hidden Markov models","volume":"19","author":"G Rangel-Pineros","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326402.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.69104201x","article-title":"Aquaculture disease and health management","volume":"69","author":"FP Meyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:31:22Z","timestamp":1765996282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326402"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amel Mohamed","family":"El Asely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326402","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]}}}