{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T04:08:29Z","timestamp":1751083709699,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influenza A virus (IAV) is an extremely contagious virus responsible for both seasonal flu and global pandemics. Cumin (<jats:italic>Cuminum cyminum<\/jats:italic> L., family Apiaceae) is a spice widely used in numerous Asian nations. The cumin fruit, commonly termed \u2018cumin seed\u2019, has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments; however, its effect on IAV is not completely understood. This study investigated the effect of cumin fruit hot-water extract (CWE) on IAV infection. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were infected with IAV (H1N1) and used for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments. Pre-infection treatment of the target cells with CWE suppressed M1 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, whereas post-infection treatment had no such effect. CWE at concentrations of 12.5 \u00b5g\/mL or higher also inhibited IAV-induced haemagglutination and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Even, a plaque formation assay was also conducted to confirm the efficacy of CWE on virus replication. The assay results showed that CWE significantly reduced IAV replication. However, the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated antiviral protein genes was not affected by CWE in the virus-infected cells. Furthermore, the presence of cuminaldehyde in CWE was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cuminaldehyde was not detected in the CWE used in this study. Moreover, cells that were pre-treated with a cuminaldehyde standard did not show any inhibition of IAV infection. The current <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study showed that CWE inhibited IAV infection without harming host cells. Thus, CWE may be used to prevent IAV infections by limiting viral attachment and absorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T17:24:56Z","timestamp":1751045096000},"page":"e0326423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibitory effects of a hot-water extract of cumin fruit on influenza A virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Sufian Shuvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kassai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-6521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326423.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2018.7.1.1","article-title":"Challenges of influenza A viruses in humans and animals and current animal vaccines as an effective control measure","volume":"7","author":"SJ Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res"},{"key":"pone.0326423.ref002","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"385","author":"S-W Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0326423.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1000449","article-title":"Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection","volume":"362","author":"Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326423.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26990","article-title":"A brief review of influenza virus infection","volume":"93","author":"M Javanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326423.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390903044271","article-title":"Spices as functional foods","volume":"51","author":"M Viuda-Martos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326423.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1794791","article-title":"Evasion mechanisms of the type I interferons responses by influenza A virus","volume":"46","author":"C Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326423.ref007","article-title":"Polygonum cuspidatum and its active components inhibit replication of the influenza virus through toll-like receptor 9-induced interferon beta expression","volume":"10","author":"C-J Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326423.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.12.008","article-title":"Standardization of an efficient protocol for isolation of RNA from Cuminum cyminum","volume":"31","author":"P Kanani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University - Science"},{"key":"pone.0326423.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.044","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activities of Tunisian Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil: a high effectiveness against Vibrio spp. strains","volume":"48","author":"H Hajlaoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0326423.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144469","article-title":"Physio-Biochemical Composition and Untargeted Metabolomics of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) 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