{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:59:25Z","timestamp":1755799165712,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025YFE0104200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFE0104200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023279","name":"Alliance of International Science Organizations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. ANSO-CR-KP- 2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. ANSO-CR-KP- 2021-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No.12461100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.12461100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["No. 2022B03013-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022B03013-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Xinjiang is the second largest pastoral areas, and the main arid and semi-arid regions in China. The echinococcosis in Xinjiang has been brought serious challenge and large pressure for the disease control and prevention.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We comprehensively investigated the echinococcosis temporal variations at multiple time scales in Xinjiang during the period of 2004\u20132020. The relationships between the echinococcosis and the impact factors (i.e., Tmp: temperature, Pre: precipitation, RH: relative humidity, and SD: sunshine duration), and MR (medicine rate accounting in gross domestic product) are detected. Moreover, the echinococcosis is predicted by the combined model: ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) and RF(random forest) hybrid model using the five factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicate the echinococcosis has a significant increased trend for both confirmed cases and incidence rates with the annual trend values of 94.48 cases per year, and 0.339 new cases per 100,000 population per year. Moreover, the echinococcosis in Xinjiang has the nonlinear characteristics with the multiple periods of the 3-, 6-, 13-, 40-, and 67-month for the confirmed cases, and 3-, 6-, 12-, 34-, and 73-month for the incidence rates. In terms of the impact factors, Tmp has the positive impacts on echinococcosis, and SD has the negative impact at annual and seasonal scales. Pre has the positive impact on echinococcosis at annual, June, July and August (JJA), and September, October, and November (SON). RH has the positive relationship at JJA. MR has the significant positive relationship with echinococcosis. The ARIMA-RF hybrid model has high performance in predicting the echinococcosis variations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Echinococcosis in Xinjiang has a significant increased trend during the period of 2004\u20132020. Tmp and MR have the positive impact on the echinococcosis. The ARIMA-RF hybrid model can well predict the disease variations. Our finding can provide more characteristics about the echinococcosis variations in Xinjiang, which is the basic and important information for the disease control and prevision.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T17:24:37Z","timestamp":1755624277000},"page":"e0326433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamical variations, impact factors, and prediction of echinoco-ccosis in Xinjiang by ARIMA-Random Forest Hybrid Model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fenghan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4259-9141","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zengyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangshan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0536-4617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nazrullozoda","family":"Sulaimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7919","key":"pone.0326433.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04788-w","article-title":"Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk","volume":"607","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326433.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01426-1","article-title":"Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change","volume":"12","author":"C Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"issue":"9857","key":"pone.0326433.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61684-5","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis","volume":"380","author":"SS Morse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326433.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8","article-title":"Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases","volume":"8","author":"T Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326433.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16616","article-title":"Current and future distribution of a parasite with complex life cycle under global change scenarios: Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe","volume":"29","author":"L Cenni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"pone.0326433.ref006","first-page":"100","article-title":"Geographic distribution and prevalence.","volume-title":"WHO\/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern","author":"J Eckert","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0326433.ref007","unstructured":"WHO. 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