{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:05:23Z","timestamp":1780401923093,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Millettia speciosa<\/jats:italic> Champ, a member of the Leguminosae family and the genus <jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>, is a rich source of total flavonoids. Investigating the extraction methods and stability of total flavonoids from <jats:italic>Millettia speciosa<\/jats:italic> Champ using ultrasound-assisted extraction is crucial for enhancing its medicinal value and advancing the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows, ethanol volume fraction of 64%, ultrasonic temperature of 60\u00b0C, solid-liquid ratio of 1:20\u2009g\/mL, ultrasonic time of 29\u2009min, and ultrasonic power of 400 W. Under these conditions, the extract of total flavonoids from <jats:italic>Millettia speciosa<\/jats:italic> Champ was 6.485%. The stability of the total flavonoids was evaluated under various conditions. The results indicated that the total flavonoids should be stored in the dark. Metal ions such as K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, and Al<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> had no significant impact on stability, whereas Cu<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Zn<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, and Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> caused a notable loss of stability. The total flavonoids remained stable under neutral and weakly acidic conditions but were unstable under strongly acidic and alkaline conditions. Additives such as sodium benzoate, sodium chloride, glucose, and sucrose did not significantly affect stability. In contrast, ascorbic acid and citric acid had minimal effects on stability at low concentrations but significantly impacted stability at higher concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T17:54:37Z","timestamp":1751478877000},"page":"e0326570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study on the extraction and stability of total flavonoids from Millettia speciosa Champ"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6521-9567","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junhai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosha","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengteng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinku","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0326570.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.166","article-title":"A novel polysaccharide from the roots of Millettia Speciosa Champ: preparation, structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity","volume":"145","author":"Z Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130556","article-title":"Structural and interfacial properties of acetylated Millettia speciosa Champ polysaccharide and stability evaluation of the resultant O\/W emulsion containing \u03b2-carotene","volume":"264","author":"Z Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2022.12.019","article-title":"Chemical constituents from the branches of Millettia brandisiana and their biological activities","volume":"53","author":"S Arthan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem Lett"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117178","article-title":"Mechanism of herb pair containing Astragali Radix and Spatholobi Caulis in the treatment of myelosuppression based on network pharmacology and experimental investigation","volume":"319","author":"F Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2022.12.008","article-title":"Purification, structural elucidation and biological activities of exopolysaccharide produced by the endophytic Penicillium javanicum from Millettia speciosa Champ","volume":"362","author":"L-H Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486979","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2486979","article-title":"Comparison of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of various solvent extracts obtained from millettia speciosa stem powder","volume":"2022","author":"Nasiruddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1947271","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of a functional protein from Millettia speciosa Champ. Leaf","volume":"37","author":"SY Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0326570.ref008","first-page":"3900","article-title":"Nutritional value, volatile components, functional metabolites, and antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of different parts of millettia speciosa champ., a medicinal and edible plant with potential for development","volume":"12","author":"W Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Valorization of pongame oiltree (Millettia pinnata) seed and seed oil: a promising source of phytochemicals and its applications","author":"TB Devidas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0326570.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234260","article-title":"Effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the physicochemical properties of different walnut proteins","volume":"24","author":"S Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114360","article-title":"Ameliorating effect on glycolipid metabolism and chemical profile of Millettia speciosa champ. extract","volume":"279","author":"M Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326570.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2664","article-title":"Flavonoid-enriched extract from Millettia speciosa Champ prevents obesity by regulating thermogenesis and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"M-Y Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326570.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-022-09845-w","article-title":"Millettia isoflavonoids: a comprehensive review of structural diversity, extraction, isolation, and pharmacological properties","volume":"22","author":"KT Desta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2174\/1573412914666180608095922","article-title":"Characterization and identification of iso flavonoids in the roots of Millettia speciosa Champ. by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS","volume":"15","author":"DD Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Anal"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2023.105630","article-title":"Extraction technology, components analysis and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro of total flavonoids extract from Artemisia anomala S. Moore","volume":"170","author":"Y Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2014.979360","article-title":"Optimization of extraction conditions for flavonoid composition and antioxidant activity of radix scutellariae","volume":"48","author":"H Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326570.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092916","article-title":"Study on extraction and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from hemerocallis fulva (Daylily) leaves","volume":"27","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2022.v14s3.21","article-title":"Quality parameters and determination of total flavonoid levels from the highest antioxidant activity of ethanol 70% extract jackfruit peel (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) by maceration, reflux, and ultrasonic methods","volume":"14","author":"Y Farida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J App Pharm"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref019","first-page":"3848261","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidants from Dill (Anethum graveolens L.)","volume":"2022","author":"K Ratananikom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2024.2318782","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction to attain tannins and flavonoids from spent tea leaves using natural deep eutectic solvents","volume":"211","author":"TP Vo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Eng Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326570.ref021","article-title":"Optimization of flavonoid extraction from eucommia ulmoides pollen using respond surface methodology and its biological activities","volume":"21","author":"J Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326570.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-017-9577-3","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound, microwave and Soxhlet extraction of flavonoids from Millettia speciosa Champ. and evaluation of antioxidant activities in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Measure"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.105864","article-title":"Phenolics and flavonoids from Polygonum posumbu and comparision of flavonoid compounds content in different tissues (leaves, stems and roots)","volume":"174","author":"PD Pukhrambam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0326570.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17980","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of selected plants extract for palm oil stability via accelerated and deep frying study","volume":"9","author":"WM Kedir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326570.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060833","article-title":"Pre-treatment, extraction solvent, and color stability of anthocyanins from purple sweetpotato","volume":"13","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326570.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16611","article-title":"Effects of different drying methods on the properties, stability, and controlled release of Cornus officinalis flavonoids microparticles","volume":"88","author":"M Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326570.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031200","article-title":"Bioactive natural pigments\u2019 extraction, isolation, and stability in food applications","volume":"28","author":"AK Molina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0326570.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8023","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28248023","article-title":"Effects of bacterioruberin-rich haloarchaeal carotenoid extract on the thermal and oxidative stabilities of fish oil","volume":"28","author":"FI Kesbi\u00e7","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0326570.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123641","article-title":"Quantification and optimization of ethanolic extract containing the bioactive flavonoids from millettia pulchra radix","volume":"26","author":"T-H Vo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326570.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78101-y","article-title":"Meta-analysis of viscosity of aqueous deep eutectic solvents and their components","volume":"10","author":"G Gygli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0326570.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18126","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA01438C","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvent extraction of myricetin and antioxidant properties","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology for total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces and comparison with conventional Soxhlet extraction","author":"T Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers Bior"},{"key":"pone.0326570.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.106045","article-title":"The effect of sonication-synergistic natural deep eutectic solvents on extraction yield, structural and physicochemical properties of pectins extracted from mango peels","volume":"86","author":"S Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326570.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092110","article-title":"Environmentally-friendly extraction of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves with deep eutectic solvents and evaluation of their antioxidant activities","volume":"23","author":"X Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326570.ref035","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive components from Angelica dahurica using the tailor-made natural deep eutectic solvents","volume":"37","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326570.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12951","article-title":"Natural colorants from vegetable food waste: Recovery, regulatory aspects, and stability-A review","volume":"21","author":"I Benucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326570.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9814-x","article-title":"Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay","volume":"7","author":"A P\u0119kal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Anal Methods"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T17:54:46Z","timestamp":1751478886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326570"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mozaniel Santana","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}