{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:16:40Z","timestamp":1772223400498,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99HD107030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99HD107030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00HD107030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00HD107030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019240","name":"School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Faculty Startup Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Faculty Startup Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019240","name":"School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Maternal\/Child Health Hub"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Maternal\/Child Health Hub"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pacific Islanders, including those in American Samoa, face a disproportionately high burden of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and related sequalae of metabolic conditions. The\n                    <jats:italic>CREBRF<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs373863828 genetic variant, which is uniquely common among Pacific Islanders, has been paradoxically associated with higher body mass index (BMI) but lower risk of type 2 diabetes. While emerging evidence suggests this variant may influence both maternal metabolic outcomes and infant growth, studies in pregnancy and early life remain limited. The purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol for a study designed to address these gaps. The Health Outcomes in Pregnancy and Early Childhood (HOPE) Study is an observational, longitudinal cohort study that will enroll up to 180 Samoan pregnant women and their infants (target n\u2009=\u2009150 dyads completing study protocols) in American Samoa, with follow-up through six months postpartum\/postnatal. The study includes questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and biospecimen collection. Genetic and epigenetic analyses will examine associations between maternal and infant\n                    <jats:italic>CREBRF<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs373863828 genotype, gestational diabetes status, infant body size, and cord blood DNA methylation. The study is approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University, and the American Samoa Department of Health, as well as the Lyndon B. Johnson Tropical Medical Center (American Samoa) Research Oversight Committee. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and community reports.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:24:02Z","timestamp":1757957042000},"page":"e0326644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study protocol for the Health Outcomes in Pregnancy and Early Childhood (HOPE) Study: A mother-infant study in American Samoa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-5485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lacey W.","family":"Heinsberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miracle","family":"Loia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Tasele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kima","family":"Faasalele-Savusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna C.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Anesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Desobry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efren","family":"Yuchongco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian Fortuno","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aigaeiva","family":"Sesaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Iloilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Va\u2019atausili","family":"Tofaeono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaylynn","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Tauasosi-Posiulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette P.","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethel T.","family":"Muasau-Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0326644.ref001","author":"CWE Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends and Characteristics in Gestational Diabetes: United States, 2016\u20132020"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326644.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24102","article-title":"A group prenatal care intervention reduces gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes in American Samoan women","volume":"32","author":"NL Hawley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546256","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2020.546256","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: long-term consequences for the mother and child grand challenge: how to move on towards secondary prevention?","volume":"1","author":"E Sheiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326644.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174410000358","article-title":"Early infancy - a critical period for development of obesity","volume":"1","author":"MW Gillman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326644.ref005","article-title":"Maternal gestational diabetes is associated with high risk of childhood overweight and obesity: A cross-sectional study in pre-school children aged 2-5 years","volume":"59","author":"M Mantzorou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326644.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0055","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy for mothers and offspring: reflection on 30 years of clinical and translational research: the 2022 Norbert Freinkel Award lecture","volume":"46","author":"AH Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22508","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of a missense variant in CREBRF reveals associations with measures of adiposity in people of Polynesian ancestries","volume":"47","author":"JZ Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326644.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3620","article-title":"A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans","volume":"48","author":"RL Minster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0326644.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05552-x","article-title":"The CREBRF diabetes-protective rs373863828-A allele is associated with enhanced early insulin release in men of M\u0101ori and Pacific ancestry","volume":"64","author":"HJ Burden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326644.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4932-z","article-title":"Association of CREBRF variants with obesity and diabetes in Pacific Islanders from Guam and Saipan","volume":"62","author":"RL Hanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0326644.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4623-1","article-title":"Discordant association of the CREBRF rs373863828 A allele with increased BMI and protection from type 2 diabetes in M\u0101ori and Pacific (Polynesian) people living in Aotearoa\/New Zealand","volume":"61","author":"M Krishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326644.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2017.44","article-title":"A missense variant, rs373863828-A (p.Arg457Gln), of CREBRF and body mass index in Oceanic populations","volume":"62","author":"I Naka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326644.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2018.1461928","article-title":"Association study of CREBRF missense variant (rs373863828:G\u2009>\u2009A; p.Arg457Gln) with levels of serum lipid profile in the Pacific populations","volume":"45","author":"J Ohashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326644.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05202-8","article-title":"The Pacific-specific CREBRF rs373863828 allele protects against gestational diabetes mellitus in M\u0101ori and Pacific women with obesity","volume":"63","author":"M Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00659-4","article-title":"A missense variant in CREBRF, rs373863828, is associated with fat-free mass, not fat mass in Samoan infants","volume":"45","author":"KJ Arslanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326644.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2021.1951351","article-title":"Body size and composition of Samoan toddlers aged 18-25 months in 2019","volume":"48","author":"S Oyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326644.ref017","first-page":"957","article-title":"Skeletal muscle characteristics: relationships to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"26","author":"DR Jr Bassett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326644.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23227","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in obesity","volume":"29","author":"AM Mengeste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326644.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188650","article-title":"Relative muscle mass and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A cohort study","volume":"12","author":"S Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326644.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.230","article-title":"Widespread prevalence of a CREBRF variant amongst M\u0101ori and Pacific children is associated with weight and height in early childhood","volume":"42","author":"SD Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref021","article-title":"Maternal-fetal resource allocation: co-operation and conflict","volume":"33","author":"AL Fowden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0326644.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602012113","article-title":"Maternal and fetal genomes interplay through phosphoinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)-p110\u03b1 signaling to modify placental resource allocation","volume":"113","author":"AN Sferruzzi-Perri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853612","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/853612","article-title":"Gene-gene interaction in maternal and perinatal research","volume":"2010","author":"JS Sinsheimer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326644.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx429","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of offspring birth weight in 86 577 women identifies five novel loci and highlights maternal genetic effects that are independent of fetal genetics","volume":"27","author":"RN Beaumont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326644.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI165402","article-title":"Monogenic disease analysis establishes that fetal insulin accounts for half of human fetal growth","volume":"133","author":"AE Hughes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000514971","article-title":"The Association between Maternal\/Fetal Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Gene Polymorphism rs1801278 and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Chinese Population","volume":"86","author":"L Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00764","article-title":"Epigenetic programming and fetal metabolic programming","volume":"10","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01647-8","article-title":"Epigenetic programming of obesity in early life through modulation of the kynurenine pathway","volume":"49","author":"M Gharipour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref029","first-page":"100155","article-title":"A stop-gain variant in BTNL9 is associated with atherogenic lipid profiles","volume":"4","author":"JC Carlson","year":"2023","journal-title":"HGG Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326644.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","article-title":"The human microbiome and child growth - first 1000 days and beyond","volume":"27","author":"RC Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326644.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27005","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11372","article-title":"Metabolic Signatures of Youth Exposure to Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Multi-Cohort Study","volume":"131","author":"JA Goodrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref032","unstructured":"Overview of the State - American Samoa. 2020. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov\/Narratives\/Overview\/be7a1b90-b6cb-4716-ac6e-a27b897be87a"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref033","unstructured":"2020 Census Report - American Samoa: Census Population by Village [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/decennial\/2020\/data\/island-areas\/american-samoa\/population-and-housing-unit-counts\/american-samoa-phc-table02.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref034","unstructured":"2020 Census Report - American Samoa: Population of American Samoa 2010 and 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/decennial\/2020\/data\/island-areas\/american-samoa\/population-and-housing-unit-counts\/american-samoa-phc-table01.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref035","unstructured":"World Bank Group country classifications by income level for FY24 (July 1, 2023- June 30, 2024) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/opendata\/new-world-bank-group-country-classifications-income-level-fy24"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref036","unstructured":"The World Bank. GDP per capita (current US$) - United States, American Samoa [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=AS"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref037","unstructured":"World Bank. GDP per capita (current US$) - United States [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=US"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref038","unstructured":"Health Resources & Services Administration. Medically Underserved Areas\/Populations [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/data.hrsa.gov\/ExportedMaps\/MUA\/HGDWMapGallery_MUA.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref039","unstructured":"MACPAC. Medicaid and CHIP in American Samoa. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. https:\/\/www.macpac.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Medicaid-and-CHIP-in-American-Samoa.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref040","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fa\u2019asinomaga: Identity of the Heart.","author":"S. Alefaio-Tugia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pacific-Indigenous Psychology: Galuola, A NIU-Wave of Psychological Practices [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref041","article-title":"Teu le va: We over me\u201d a brief overview of mental health amongst Samoans in American Samoa","author":"J McCutchan-Tofaeono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Oceania Caribbean"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref042","first-page":"191","article-title":"Talanoa: Differentiating the Talanoa Research Methodology from Phenomenology, Narrative, Kaupapa Maori and Feminist Methodologies","author":"T Vaioleti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Te Reo"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref043","first-page":"14","article-title":"Using Talanoa, a Pan Pacific Indigenous Approach, to Identify Solutions to Public Health Issues","volume":"82","author":"CE Matagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hawaii J Health Soc Welf"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref044","unstructured":"Lazarus M, James B. MUACz: Generate MUAC and BMI z-Scores and Percentiles for Children and Adolescents [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/MUACz\/index.html"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref045","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Body mass index-for-age (z-scores) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/toolkits\/child-growth-standards\/standards\/body-mass-index-for-age-bmi-for-age"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref046","volume-title":"How to score and interpret single-item health status measures: a manual for users of the SF-8TM Health Survey","author":"JE Ware","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5940","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0753-5_3664","article-title":"SF-8TM Health Survey.","author":"V Yiengprugsawan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326644.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination","volume":"2","author":"DR Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326644.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326644.ref050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of mental health screening instruments for Samoan adolescents","volume":"2","author":"EJ Mew","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326644.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326644.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","article-title":"The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being","volume":"84","author":"KW Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support","volume":"52","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Personal Assess"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326644.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90236-W","article-title":"Social relationships of men at risk for AIDS","volume":"36","author":"K O\u2019Brien","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326644.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000142303.49306.0D","article-title":"Development and validation of a pregnancy physical activity questionnaire","volume":"36","author":"L Chasan-Taber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326644.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad130","article-title":"Update and novel validation of a pregnancy physical activity questionnaire","volume":"192","author":"L Chasan-Taber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326644.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326644.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092611","article-title":"Development and validation of the short healthy eating index survey with a college population to assess dietary quality and intake","volume":"12","author":"S Colby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326644.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 Apr 16]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fantaproject.org\/monitoring-and-evaluation\/household-food-insecurity-access-scale-hfias","DOI":"10.1037\/e576842013-001"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref061","author":"J Squires","journal-title":"Ages & Stages Questionnaires\u00ae"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326644.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.e570","article-title":"A brief screening questionnaire for infant sleep problems: validation and findings for an Internet sample","volume":"113","author":"A Sadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00699.x","article-title":"Sleep and sleep ecology in the first 3 years: a web-based study","volume":"18","author":"A Sadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.05.010","article-title":"Norm-referenced scoring system for the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire - Revised (BISQ-R)","volume":"63","author":"JA Mindell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326644.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref067","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref068","article-title":"Associations between DNA methylation and cognitive function in early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv: the Preprint Server for Health Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00671","article-title":"Methylation Data Processing Protocol and Comparison of Blood and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"AI Arockiaraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326644.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu049","article-title":"Minfi: a flexible and comprehensive Bioconductor package for the analysis of Infinium DNA methylation microarrays","volume":"30","author":"MJ Aryee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0326644.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn224","article-title":"lumi: a pipeline for processing Illumina microarray","volume":"24","author":"P Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326644.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw691","article-title":"Preprocessing, normalization and integration of the Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC array with minfi","volume":"33","author":"JP Fortin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0504-1","article-title":"Identifying mislabeled and contaminated DNA methylation microarray data: an extended quality control toolset with examples from GEO","volume":"10","author":"JA Heiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326644.ref074","article-title":"ENmix: a novel background correction method for Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip","volume":"44","author":"Z Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01207-1","article-title":"The ENmix DNA methylation analysis pipeline for Illumina BeadChip and comparisons with seven other preprocessing pipelines","volume":"13","author":"Z Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v101.i01","article-title":"The poolr package for combining independent and dependent p values","volume":"101","author":"O Cinar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0326644.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"ME Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326644.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2016.1161875","article-title":"DNA methylation of cord blood cell types: Applications for mixed cell birth studies","volume":"11","author":"KM Bakulski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01253-3","article-title":"Cell-type heterogeneity: Why we should adjust for it in epigenome and biomarker studies","volume":"14","author":"L Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0717-y","article-title":"Systematic evaluation and validation of reference and library selection methods for deconvolution of cord blood DNA methylation data","volume":"11","author":"K Gervin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00910-4","article-title":"Deconvolution of cellular subsets in human tissue based on targeted DNA methylation analysis at individual CpG sites","volume":"18","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref082","unstructured":"Suderman M, Staley JR, French R, Arathimos R, Simpkin A, Tilling K. Dmrff: identifying differentially methylated regions efficiently with power and control. Available from: https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/508556v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326644.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv560","article-title":"missMethyl: an R package for analyzing data from Illumina\u2019s HumanMethylation450 platform","volume":"32","author":"B Phipson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326644.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02388-x","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis for genome-wide DNA methylation data","volume":"22","author":"J Maksimovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0326644.ref085","article-title":"Psychosocial correlates of HbA1c among adult Samoans without diabetes","author":"A Rivara","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326644.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcz160","article-title":"Research Capacity Strengthening in American Samoa: Fa\u2019avaeina le Fa\u2019atelega o le Tomai Sa\u2019ili\u2019ili i Amerika Samoa","volume":"50","author":"V Tofaeono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:24:15Z","timestamp":1757957055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326644"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samantha Frances","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326644","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.06.04.25329013","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]}}}