{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:13:53Z","timestamp":1776827633926,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030732","name":"MSD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec013\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Since the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV-10 in 2011 its impact on acute otitis media (AOM) in children under five years of age in Colombia was unknown. We aimed to describe the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of a prospective cohort of patients between 3 and 59 months old attending a children\u2019s hospital in Cartagena, Colombia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A prospective cohort study was conducted over a 12-month period from August 5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, 2022 to August 5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, 2023. Diagnosis of AOM was confirmed by an otorhinolaryngologist. Middle ear fluid samples were obtained by swab or tympanocentesis, depending on the presence of spontaneous drainage. Samples with a positive culture for <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were sent to the Colombian National Health Institute for serotyping. We also estimated the prevalence of AOM caused by <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 61 patients were enrolled, 58% were male, the median age was 12 months (IQR: 8\u201324). The most common isolated microorganisms were <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (14.8%), methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (13.1%), and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (9,8%). Six cases of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were identified, median age was 26.5 months (IQR: 8\u201345), none had any comorbidities, and only one had a history of previous AOM episodes. Five of them were vaccinated. The serotype distribution was 19A (67%), 10F and 35A (17%) each. Within the antimicrobial resistance patterns, serotype 19A was multidrug resistant (resistance to: beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides and TMP\/SMX).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> continues to be a leading cause of AOM in our country. Serotype 19A accounts for 67% of these infections and exhibits a multidrug-resistant pattern similar to that observed in invasive pneumococcal disease. These findings are consistent with international data and provide a baseline for tracking future AOM trends related to <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> after the introduction of the PCV-13 vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T17:42:35Z","timestamp":1753724555000},"page":"e0326660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a cause of acute otitis media in Colombia: A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wilfrido","family":"Coronell-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Camerano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-6022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Alvarado-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Puerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Zakzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson R.","family":"Alvis-Zakzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Moyano-Tamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1590-4304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Betancur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Enrique","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hernando","family":"Pinzon-Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perla","family":"Villamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9458-864X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nelson","family":"Alvis-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326660.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081598","article-title":"Acute Otitis Media in Children-Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance in the Post-Vaccination Era","volume":"10","author":"C Gavrilovici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pone.0326660.ref002","volume-title":"Pediatric allergy: principles and practice E-Book","author":"DY Leung","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326660.ref003","first-page":"75","article-title":"Costs of acute otitis media in children in a city of the Colombian Caribbean coast. Biom\u00e9dica [Internet]. 31 de marzo de 2019 [citado 17 de julio de","volume":"39","author":"W Coronell-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0326660.ref004","article-title":"Incidence of Acute Otitis Media in the Vaccines Era Against Pneumococcus in a City of the Colombia Caribbean Coast: A Cohort Study","volume":"3","author":"W Coronell-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326660.ref005","first-page":"204","article-title":"Prevalencia de serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae y otros g\u00e9rmenes causantes de otitis media aguda en ni\u00f1os de Latinoam\u00e9rica. 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