{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:49:04Z","timestamp":1788821344617,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PHD59I0076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD59I0076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of capping agents on the physicochemical and biological properties, particularly their leukemic cytotoxicity, of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using a <jats:italic>Caesalpinia sappan<\/jats:italic> extract as a reducing agent. Gelatin, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), polysorbate 80 (P80), octyl phenol ethoxylate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate and mannitol were added as capping agents to ensure colloidal stability of the formed CuONPs. As a control, CuONPs were also synthesized using gelatin and sodium borohydride as the capping and reducing agent, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the obtained CuONPs were determined using dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurements, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Their cytotoxic effects were investigated using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and three strains of leukemic cell lines (KG1a, K562, and Molt4). The obtained CuONPs had a size range from 175\u2013280\u2009nm, with a reasonable size distribution between 0.2 and 0.4 and a negative zeta potential (range \u221230 to \u221235 mV) except the particles prepared using gelatin as a stabilizer which had a zeta potential of \u22123 mV. The CuONPs were incubated with both healthy PBMC and three types of leukemic cells to determine their IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of PEG-CuONPs and P80-CuONPs against healthy PBMC were 72.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8 and 85.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, while that against the three strains of leukemic cells were in the range of 26\u201329 and 28\u201341 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that the biosynthesized CuONPs using PEG and P80 as a capping agent exhibited the highest selectivity index defined as IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of the particles for PBMC\/IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> for leukemic cells. Therefore, these CuONPs are promising candidates for preclinical <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> for leukemic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T17:42:06Z","timestamp":1750959726000},"page":"e0326791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of capping agents on physicochemical properties and leukemic cytotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized using Caesalpinia sappan extract"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mathurada","family":"Sasarom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songyot","family":"Anuchapreeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim E.","family":"Hennink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-5017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siriporn","family":"Okonogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0326791.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"pone.0326791.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of cancer stem cells (CSCS) and mechanisms of their regulation: Implications for cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"B Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326791.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.3","article-title":"Leukaemia \u201cfirsts\u201d in cancer research and treatment","volume":"16","author":"M Greaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326791.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanomedicine review: Clinical developments in liposomal applications","volume":"10","author":"E Beltr\u00e1n-Gracia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0326791.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.023","article-title":"The role of liposomes in clinical nanomedicine development. 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