{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:54:37Z","timestamp":1767178477112,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information on the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer is useful for policy-based cancer control. However, few studies have investigated the association between each community SES indicator and cancer. Therefore, here, we investigated the relationship between community land price, neighborhood income, education level, employment rate, and morbidity and mortality rates for lung, stomach, colorectal, liver, and breast cancers. We obtained cancer patient data from the Kanagawa Cancer Registry and SES indicator data from public databases from 2000 to 2016. We classified the data according to the year, sex, and community. Poisson regression analyses were conducted for each SES indicator, using one SES indicator as the explanatory variable and the morbidity or mortality of cancer as the response variable. The largest inverse regression coefficient for the community SES indicator was \u22120.91 (95% CI \u22121.11, \u22120.70) found in a model where liver-cancer mortality was the response variable and employment rate was the explanatory variable for women. Community neighborhood income and employment rate demonstrated significant inverse associations across many models. Areas with low community neighborhood income or employment rates may have more individuals at a higher risk of cancer; these SES data could help to identify locations where cancer control should be focused.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T17:25:59Z","timestamp":1752081959000},"page":"e0326895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between socioeconomic background and cancer: An ecological study using cancer registry and various community socioeconomic status indicators in Kanagawa, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-3333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Satoru","family":"Kanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaname","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-9477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sho","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-4911","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroto","family":"Narimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326895.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9256-0","article-title":"Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis: selected findings from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study","volume":"20","author":"LX Clegg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0326895.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2008.02.003","article-title":"Differences in mortality and incidence for major sites of cancer by education level in a Japanese population","volume":"18","author":"N Nishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review","volume":"1248","author":"R Hiscock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"219","key":"pone.0326895.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health behaviors of adults: United States, 1999-2001","volume":"10","author":"CA Schoenborn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref005","first-page":"37","article-title":"Implementing recommendations for the early detection of breast and cervical cancer among low-income women","volume":"49","author":"HW Lawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326895.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21274","article-title":"Colon cancer screening practices in New York City, 2003: results of a large random-digit dialed telephone survey","volume":"104","author":"LE Thorpe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-553","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparity in cervical cancer screening among Korean women: 1998-2010","volume":"13","author":"M Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0326895.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.021","article-title":"Patient-reported barriers to colorectal cancer screening: a mixed-methods analysis","volume":"38","author":"RM Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0326895.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094398","article-title":"Effect of Neighborhood and Individual-Level Socioeconomic Factors on Colorectal Cancer Screening Adherence","volume":"18","author":"KN Mayhand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0326895.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.7.2244","article-title":"Associations between community income and cancer survival in Ontario, Canada, and the United States","volume":"17","author":"C Boyd","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0326895.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11477","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811477","article-title":"Availability of Financial and Medical Resources for Screening Providers and Its Impact on Cancer Screening Uptake and Intervention Programs","volume":"19","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0326895.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1998.0365","article-title":"Opening pathways to cancer screening for Vietnamese-American women: lay health workers hold a key","volume":"27","author":"JA Bird","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326895.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9562-4","article-title":"Community-based hepatitis B screening: what works?","volume":"8","author":"MC Robotin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref014"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326895.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000815)89:4<901::AID-CNCR25>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Associations between community income and cancer incidence in Canada and the United States","volume":"89","author":"WJ Mackillop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326895.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.2.499","article-title":"Socioeconomic Predictors of Trends in Cancer Mortality among Municipalities in Japan, 2010-2019","volume":"22","author":"T Okui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref017","first-page":"239","article-title":"Evaluating socio-economic inequalities in cancer mortality by using areal statistics in Japan: A note on the relation between municipal cancer mortality and areal deprivation index","volume":"59","author":"T Nakaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0326895.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000129512.61698.03","article-title":"Socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer: distinguishing individual- and community-level effects","volume":"15","author":"SA Robert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0326895.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26677","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the risk of colorectal cancer: an analysis of more than a half million adults in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study","volume":"118","author":"CA Doubeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0326895.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292281","article-title":"Comparison of two area-level socioeconomic deprivation indices: Implications for public health research, practice, and policy","volume":"18","author":"KA Rollings","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326895.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531","article-title":"Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1)","volume":"60","author":"B Galobardes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0326895.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.028092","article-title":"Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 2)","volume":"60","author":"B Galobardes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref023"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0326895.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159913","article-title":"Prediction of Female Breast Cancer Incidence among the Aging Society in Kanagawa, Japan","volume":"11","author":"K Katayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S277207","article-title":"Future Patient Incidence in Hemato-Oncology: A Study Using Data from Cancer Registries in Japan","volume":"13","author":"H Narimatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref026"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref027"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref028"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.01.022","article-title":"Income-based inequality in nationwide general health checkup participation in Japan","volume":"195","author":"A Shimoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref030"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0326895.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015538","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and mortality: NIH-AARP diet and health study","volume":"5","author":"JM Major","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref032"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref033"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2251-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan","author":"T Umemura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref035","unstructured":"Taguchi K, Natsuhara K. Social capital and residents\u2019 consultation behavior for medical checkups and\/or cancer screening: research in a provincial area of Japan."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0326895.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00922-z","article-title":"Global burden of hepatitis B attributable to modifiable risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a growing contribution and its association with socioeconomic status","volume":"19","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0326895.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011303432203","article-title":"The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer","volume":"343","author":"JS Mandel","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref038"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0326895.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600249","article-title":"Breast-Cancer Tumor Size, Overdiagnosis, and Mammography Screening Effectiveness","volume":"375","author":"HG Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0326895.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.3.754","article-title":"Screening for lung cancer. Another look; a different view","volume":"111","author":"GM Strauss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref041"},{"key":"pone.0326895.ref042"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334930","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T17:26:08Z","timestamp":1752081968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326895"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mari","family":"Kajiwara Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0326895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}