{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:53:38Z","timestamp":1782467618344,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPHeRE-2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPHeRE-2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec013\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Limited evidence exists on the association between mode of birth and long-term depression and\/or severe anxiety in mothers. We aimed to examine the association between mode of birth and depression and\/or severe anxiety by 14 years postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study. Data on mode of birth were collected when mothers were 9 months postpartum, and categorized as spontaneous vaginal birth (VB), assisted VB, induced VB, emergency cesarean section (CS), planned CS, and CS after induction. Depression\/severe anxiety were collected as one variable and self reported by mothers at 9 months, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 14 years postpartum based on a doctor diagnosis. The primary outcome measure was a diagnosis of depression\/severe anxiety up to 14 years postpartum. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between mode of birth and depression\/severe anxiety by 14 years postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were 10,507 singleton mothers included in our analyses. Fully adjusted odds ratio (aOR)for the association between mode of birth and depression\/severe anxiety by 14 years postpartum was induced VB, (aOR, 1.13 [95% CI], 1.01\u20132.28), assisted VB (aOR, 1.03 [95% CI], 0.89\u20131.19), Emergency CS, (aOR, 1.08 [95% CI], 0.92\u20131.27), planned CS (aOR, 1.09 [95% CI], 0.93\u20131.27), and CS after induction (aOR, 1.08 [95% CI], 0.91\u20131.28). Fully adjusted models did not report any significant association between mode of birth and depression\/severe anxiety at other postpartum time points.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present findings provide support for association between induction of labor and the risk of long-term depression\/severe anxiety by 14 years postpartum. The findings provide no evidence to support association between other modes of birth and maternal depression\/anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T17:43:31Z","timestamp":1751046211000},"page":"e0327129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mode of birth and maternal depression\/severe anxiety: Findings from Millennium Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-8349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth O.","family":"Bodunde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus 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