{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1772854855361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Understanding the social determinants of oral health is essential for addressing oral health disparities and facilitating the implementation of effective oral health policies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the primary dentition caries status among 7-year-old children and to explore individual- and family-level associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As part of a longitudinal study, this cross-sectional study was conducted between April 10 and May 8, 2024, in elementary schools in Isfahan, Iran. A valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 551 parents, including questions on demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological characteristics; oral health and dietary behaviors of their child; and some questions about the family status. Clinical examinations of the children were performed on-site at the schools. Based on the ICDAS II classification, six indices\u2014including d\u2081\u2013\u2082, d\u2083\u2013\u2086, filled surfaces, missing surfaces, d\u2083\u2013\u2086mfs, and d\u2081\u2013\u2086mfs\u2014were calculated. The correlation between factors was analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. The multivariable associations of determinants were assessed using linear and logistic regression models (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Finally, 417 children were examined. More than 90% of the children had dental lesions. Based on the multiple linear regression analyses, the mean d\u2081\u2013\u2086mfs score was significantly higher in boys (B\u2009=\u20096.9; 95% CI: 2.8\u201311.2, P\u2009=\u20090.01) and children attending public schools (B\u2009=\u200911.35; 95% CI: 6.3\u201316.4, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and lower in children with a housewife caregiver (B\u2009=\u2009\u20136.33; 95% CI: \u201311.7 to \u20130.95, P\u2009=\u20090.021) and those with a healthier diet (B\u2009=\u2009\u20130.25; 95% CI: \u20130.48 to \u20130.02, P\u2009=\u20090.029). The mean d\u2083\u2013\u2086mfs score was also significantly lower in children with a healthier diet (B\u2009=\u2009\u20130.29; 95% CI: \u20130.5 to \u20130.08, P\u2009=\u20090.006). Based on logistic regression analysis, the odds of having a filled tooth were significantly greater in girls (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.51\u20133.59, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), children attending private schools (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.17\u20133.11, P\u2009=\u20090.01), and children whose caregivers possessed a high school diploma (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.07\u20133.5, P\u2009=\u20090.048) or a university degree (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.28\u20134.74, P\u2009=\u20090.007).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of tooth decay was high among children and was associated with demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status of the family, biological and behavioral traits of the child, and the knowledge and mental and emotional condition of the caregiver.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:22:06Z","timestamp":1754673726000},"page":"e0327141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determinants of dental caries in deciduous teeth among Iranian school children: Evidence from a developing country"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bahareh Sadat","family":"Pezeshki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awat","family":"Feizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7280-0646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bahareh","family":"Tahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-41.1.32","article-title":"Caries prevalence in Korean children and adolescents from 2000 to 2012","volume":"41","author":"A-H Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327141.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12011","article-title":"FDI Vision 2020: a blueprint for the profession","volume":"62","author":"OM da Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02634-z","article-title":"Trends in dental caries of deciduous teeth in Iran: a systematic analysis of the national and sub-national data from 1990 to 2017","volume":"22","author":"S Shoaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref004","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327141.ref005","first-page":"158","article-title":"Dental caries status and its related factors in Iran: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"MR Soltani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent (Shiraz)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12467","article-title":"Global caries experience in children and its relationship with government expenditures on education and health, sugar consumption, and years of schooling: An ecological study","volume":"82","author":"MA Nazir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00680.x","article-title":"Integrating the common risk factor approach into a social determinants framework","volume":"40","author":"RG Watt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref008","first-page":"9","article-title":"Caries incidence, by DMFT index of Libyan school children concerning socio-demographic variables and oral health behavior","volume":"52","author":"M Elfseyie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sci Basic and Appl Res (IJSBAR)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2011.00271.x","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between children\u2019s dental caries and risk factors","volume":"71","author":"O Chankanka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12275","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between dental caries increment and risk factors in late childhood and adolescence","volume":"78","author":"AM Curtis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327141.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519849557","article-title":"The relationship between income and oral health: a critical review","volume":"98","author":"A Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327141.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1159\/000047487","article-title":"Caries experience and caries increments at 10 years of age","volume":"35","author":"ML Mattila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"10194","key":"pone.0327141.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8","article-title":"Oral diseases: a global public health challenge","volume":"394","author":"MA Peres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327141.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12140","article-title":"Dental caries development among African American children: results from a 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"43","author":"S Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327141.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.028006399.x","article-title":"The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health","volume":"28","author":"A Sheiham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00719.x","article-title":"Social determinants of oral health inequalities: implications for action","author":"RG Watt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03557-z","article-title":"Determinants of oral health status: an ecological study in Iran","volume":"23","author":"B Tahani","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref018","first-page":"109","article-title":"DMFT of the first permanent molars, dmft and related factors among all first-grade primary school students in rafsanjan urban area","volume":"22","author":"N Kamiab","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dentistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref019","first-page":"31","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of parents\u2019 oral health behavior on the SIC, DMFT, and plaque indices in 7-year-old male students in Kerman, Iran","volume":"3","author":"M Torabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alami A, Erfanpoor S, Lael-Monfared E, Ramezani A, Jafari A. Investigation of dental caries prevalence, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft and DMFT indexes) and the associated factors among 9-11 years old children. 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.21545\/v1"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327141.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","article-title":"The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries","volume":"35","author":"AI Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref022","article-title":"Determinant factors of untreated dental caries and lesion activity in preschool children using ICDAS","volume":"11","author":"A Pinto-Sarmento TC de","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref023","volume-title":"Oral health surveys: basic methods","author":"Organization WH","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and validation of a socioeconomic status short-form questionnaire (SES-SQ)","volume":"17","author":"H Roohafza","year":"2021","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02644-x","article-title":"Effectiveness of an integrated model of oral health-promoting schools in improving children\u2019s knowledge and the KAP of their parents, Iran","volume":"22","author":"B Tahani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327141.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034508331011","article-title":"Predictors of dental caries progression in primary teeth","volume":"88","author":"AI Ismail","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref027","first-page":"23","article-title":"A preliminary validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS) in non-clinical sample","volume":"6","author":"A Moghaddam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology and Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07514-4","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the persian version of depression anxiety stress scalE-21 ITEMS (DASS-21) in a sample of health professionals: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"E Kakemam","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref029","first-page":"42","article-title":"Mean scores of depression, anxiety and stress in Iranian university students based on DASS-21: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"J Mohammadzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Health System J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0327141.ref030","first-page":"21","article-title":"The relationship between bruxism in children and the psychosocial status of their parents","volume":"122","author":"M Khataminia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref031","first-page":"405","article-title":"\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 (\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f DASS21) \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 15 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u06cc 97-1396","volume":"45","author":"\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645, \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u06cc, \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628, \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647, \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631","year":"2021","journal-title":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","article-title":"A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors","volume":"41","author":"RM O\u2019brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quality & quantity"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_17_17","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents of 7-12-year-old children regarding fissure sealant therapy and professional fluoride therapy","volume":"6","author":"B Tahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327141.ref034","first-page":"107","article-title":"Oral health status and healthcare system in IR Iran","volume":"4","author":"M Khoshnevisan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Contemp Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00237-z","article-title":"Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children\u2019s worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"M Kazeminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544949","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6544949","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries in schoolchildren from the galapagos islands: ESSO-Gal Cohort Report","volume":"2023","author":"A Armas-Vega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17047.1","article-title":"The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescences and its association with age, socioeconomic status, dietary habits and other risk factors. A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"MMS Abbass","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327141.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0445-3","article-title":"Sex differences in dental caries experience: clinical evidence, complex etiology","volume":"15","author":"JR Lukacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0464-4","article-title":"Association of caries experience and dental plaque with sociodemographic characteristics in elementary school-aged children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"S Bashirian","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04570-6","article-title":"Caries prevalence among children at public and private primary schools in Riyadh: a retrospective study","volume":"24","author":"B Almutairi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0871-9","article-title":"Increase in dental caries and change in the socioeconomic profile of families in a child cohort of the primary health care in Northeast Brazil","volume":"19","author":"MMDC de Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12087","article-title":"Factors associated with dental caries in Brazilian children: a multilevel approach","volume":"42","author":"MT Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Ashiry EA, Alamoudi NM, Bamashmous N, Alamoudi RA, Qahtan DK, Felemban OM. Oral health related knowledge, attitude and behavior among group of mothers in relation to their primary school children\u2019s oral health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. 2021.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1155126\/v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12569","article-title":"Can the school environment influence oral health-related behaviours? A multilevel analysis of the Brazilian National Adolescent School-Based Health Survey 2015","volume":"49","author":"NG Nery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0327141.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026435","article-title":"Association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in 8- to 12-year-old Mexican schoolchildren","volume":"100","author":"A Garc\u00eda P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.04.008","article-title":"Social inequalities and dental caries in six-year-old children from the Netherlands","volume":"62","author":"JT van der Tas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514557546","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-37","article-title":"Can type of school be used as an alternative indicator of socioeconomic status in dental caries studies? A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"C Piovesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0327141.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14948","article-title":"Health literacy for children and families","volume":"88","author":"R Vaillancourt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327141.ref050","first-page":"534","article-title":"Influence of oral health literacy on knowledge and attitude towards children\u2019s oral health among pregnant women in Malaysia","volume":"77","author":"NN Noor Zamry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262614","article-title":"Influence of mothers\u2019 oral health knowledge and attitudes on their children\u2019s dental health","volume":"9","author":"Z Saied-Moallemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref052","first-page":"180","article-title":"Perception of Iranian mothers about oral health of their school-children: a qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Z Momeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dent (Tehran)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327141.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2006.00356.x","article-title":"Cultural factors and children\u2019s oral health care: a qualitative study of carers of young children","volume":"35","author":"IV Hilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.2001.tb00843.x","article-title":"An ethnographic study for understanding children\u2019s oral health in a multicultural community","volume":"51","author":"CA Riedy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515625907","article-title":"Sugar consumption and changes in dental caries from childhood to adolescence","volume":"95","author":"MA Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327141.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12637","article-title":"The association between nutritional status and dental caries in low-income children: A multilevel analysis","volume":"30","author":"IN Rego","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8234-7","article-title":"Birth order is associated with caries development in young children: a register-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"A Julihn","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0327141.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.36347\/sjds.2023.v10i04.002","article-title":"The impact of selected social determinants on the prevalence and severity of early childhood caries among a group of Lebanese preschool children","volume":"4","author":"HH Tabbara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sch J Dent Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327141.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00568-0","article-title":"Prevalence and sociobehavioural determinants of early childhood caries among 5-year-old Portuguese children: a longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"JL Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0327141.ref060","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Molar incisor hypomineralization and related risk factors among primary school children in jeddah: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"K Baghlaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0327141.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519878377","article-title":"Maternal anxiety, social status, and dental caries formation in children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Z Hatipo\u011flu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01936-3","article-title":"Parental mental illness, attendance at preventive child healthcare and dental caries in the offspring: a nation-wide population-based cohort study","volume":"56","author":"KA Davidsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327141.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000189704","article-title":"Case-control study of early childhood caries in Australia","volume":"43","author":"WK Seow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref064","first-page":"65","article-title":"Association of parental stress and early childhood caries","volume":"6","author":"SE Jabbarifar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent Res J (Isfahan)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327141.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12419","article-title":"The role of parental anxiety, depression, and psychological stress level on the development of early-childhood caries in children","volume":"28","author":"L Gavic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0327141.ref066","first-page":"2555","article-title":"Les etats d\u2019anxietes","volume":"16","author":"I James","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychologie m\u00e9dicale"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327141.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12016","article-title":"Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors affecting patterns of tooth decay in the permanent dentition: principal components and factor analyses","volume":"41","author":"JR Shaffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327141.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12864","article-title":"Oral health promotion through health-promoting schools in developing countries: A scoping review","volume":"51","author":"YE Elsadek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327141.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256007","article-title":"Effectiveness of the school-based oral health promotion programmes from preschool to high school: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"T Bramantoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327141.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00419-2","article-title":"Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses","volume":"4","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:22:16Z","timestamp":1754673736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327141"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samane","family":"Shirahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}}}