{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:12:24Z","timestamp":1790745144366,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007760","name":"College of Medicine Office of Research, Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017504","name":"College of Dentistry, Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017504","name":"College of Dentistry, Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite the popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), there is currently a lack of regulation and consistency regarding the formulation of the e-liquids that undergo combustion in use. The two main constituents of most e-liquids are the humectants propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (vegetable glycerin, VG). E-liquids consist of a ratio of these two components with PG utilized to increase the \u201cthroat hit\u201d effect and VG used to increase visible vapor. As PG-based e-liquids are known to generate more carcinogenic carbonyls and increase the uptake of nicotine, many commercial products have moved toward a more VG-centric formulation to reduce potential harm. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a common VG-based formulation (30\/70 PG\/VG) would result in fewer negative effects on craniofacial growth compared to an evenly concentrated formulation (50\/50 PG\/VG) in the absence of nicotine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adult breeder mice were utilized to generate <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> ENDS component exposed litters including free air exposure (control), 30\/70 PG\/VG, and 50\/50 PG\/VG groups. The resulting pups were assessed at postnatal day 14 for skull morphology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data demonstrate significant reductions in body weight, facial, and cranial dimensions, where there was a significant reduction in growth for the 30\/70 PG\/VG exposed group. There were no significant differences found between control and 50\/50 PG\/VG.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results suggest the overall movement to a more VG-centric ENDS formulation may not result in reduced profile for health concerns. Further, it suggests that PG\/VG are not a harmless carrier and now popular nicotine-free ENDS formulation may not be considered safe for use in pregnant populations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T17:33:58Z","timestamp":1751304838000},"page":"e0327190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In utero exposure to electronic cigarette carriers alters craniofacial 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