{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:09:23Z","timestamp":1790021363215,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) increasingly being disproportionately affected. Although anecdotal evidence or reports indicate an increasing number of Kenyan men having NCDs, the prevalence and associated factors are not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of non-communicable diseases among men in Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary data comprising 14,439 men aged 15\u201354 years from the 2022 cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) in Kenya were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses in SPSS, version 29.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the percentage of men with at least one NCD was 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.7\u201310.2%). Whereas the proportion of participants with multiple NCDs was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.6\u20132.3). Across NCDs, the highest prevalent NCD was hypertension (3.5% 95%CI:3.1\u20133.9) followed by depression (2.2% (95%CI:1.9\u20132.5), anxiety (1.6% (95%CI:1.3\u20131.9), arthritis (1.4% (95%CI:1.1\u20131.6), heart disease (1.2% (95%CI:0.9\u20131.5), diabetes (1% (95%CI:0.8\u20131.3), lung disease (1% (95%CI:0.7\u20131.3), and cancer (0.1% (95%CI:0\u20130.1). In terms of multiple chronic conditions (multimorbidity), the majority of the participants had diabetes and hypertension (0.5% (95%CI:0.3\u20130.7) followed by hypertension and depression (0.3% (95%CI:0.2\u20130.4), hypertension and anxiety (0.3% (95%CI:0.2\u20130.4), and arthritis and depression (0.2% (95%CI:0.1\u20130.2). Several factors, such as age, region, residence, ethnicity, education level, health status, wealth index, religion, media access, and living a sedentary lifestyle, were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of NCDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall prevalence of NCDs among men is relatively low based on available national data. We found that sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of NCDs. Although causal relationships cannot be inferred from this study, the findings suggest that initiatives such as tailored health education, regular medical checkups, and the promotion of physical activity may be relevant components of broader efforts to support men\u2019s health in relation to non\u2011communicable diseases (NCDs). Region\u2011specific policies and culturally sensitive approaches may help address variations in risk factors and observed ethnic disparities. Encouraging healthier lifestyle practices among men of all backgrounds and improving access to integrated healthcare in rural areas may also be important considerations. Further research is needed to explore how media exposure, media content, health messaging, and religious contexts may influence men\u2019s exposure to NCDs in Kenya and other sub-Saharan countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:24:28Z","timestamp":1784568268000},"page":"e0327266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of non-communicable diseases among men: A cross-sectional analysis of Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022 data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-9204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Baptist","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Nuwabaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angella","family":"Namulema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quraish","family":"Sserwanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kawuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Nambozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0327266.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040622319880392","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319880392","article-title":"Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction","volume":"10","author":"R Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"pone.0327266.ref002","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0327266.ref003","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0327266.ref004","author":"Organisation World Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0327266.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloepi.2021.100049","article-title":"Trends and risk factors for non-communicable diseases mortality in Nairobi slums (2008-2017)","volume":"3","author":"G Asiki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0327266.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30374-2","article-title":"Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990\u20132017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"7","author":"HN Gouda","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0327266.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102040","article-title":"Does knowledge of non-communicable diseases risk factors influence screening service utilization? 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