{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:02:29Z","timestamp":1752278549842,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Negative beliefs and perceptions about one\u2019s health and work participation can act as barriers to rehabilitation and returning to work following an injury, thus increasing the risk of long-term work disability. To prevent poor work and health outcomes it is necessary to be able to effectively measure such constructs. The aim of the present study was to perform a psychometric evaluation of the Positivum<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>: Beliefs and Perceptions scales used with individuals with a musculoskeletal injury or condition receiving occupational rehabilitation (OR) services through a workers\u2019 compensation or motor vehicle accident insurance scheme. Exploratory factor analysis, item response theory-based analyses, internal consistency analyses, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on data collected from January 2020 to April 2024 from a sample of 3,352 musculoskeletal injured individuals receiving OR services through their compensation scheme. The results of the current study demonstrated the psychometric robustness of a revised 12 item Positivum: Beliefs and Perceptions scale (PBPS), with two clear multi-item factors: Employer Perceptions and Health-related Work Beliefs as well as two single-item measures (expectations about, and perceived enjoyment of, working). Identifying those with negative beliefs and perceptions about working following an injury and at risk of prolonged work disability is the first critical step toward preventing prolonged work disability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T17:38:52Z","timestamp":1752255532000},"page":"e0327355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of the Positivum beliefs and perceptions scales to inform occupational rehabilitation following injury"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-1740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dianne M.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ljoudmila","family":"Busija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327355.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-018-9816-4","article-title":"Work disability in Australia: an overview of prevalence, expenditure, support systems and services","volume":"29","author":"A Collie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref002","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327355.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-005-8031-2","article-title":"Prevention of work disability due to musculoskeletal disorders: the challenge of implementing evidence","volume":"15","author":"P Loisel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327355.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2005.03.008","article-title":"Concepts of rehabilitation for the management of low back pain","volume":"19","author":"G Waddell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0327355.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1900931","article-title":"Prevalence, types, and combinations of multiple problems among recipients of work disability benefits","volume":"44","author":"KA Brongers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref006","first-page":"33","article-title":"Health cognitions, affect and health behaviors","volume":"15","author":"M Conner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Health Psychologist"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref007","volume-title":"Health at work \u2013 An independent review of sickness absence","author":"C Black","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref008","volume-title":"Australasian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Policy on Preventing Work Disability","author":"The Royal Australasian College of Physicians","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327355.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4514","article-title":"Perceived employer-related barriers and facilitators for work participation of cancer survivors: a systematic review of employers\u2019 and survivors\u2019 perspectives","volume":"27","author":"MA Greidanus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"9802","key":"pone.0327355.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60937-9","article-title":"Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"378","author":"JC Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327355.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-007-9097-9","article-title":"The Readiness for Return-To-Work (RRTW) scale: development and validation of a self-report staging scale in lost-time claimants with musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"17","author":"R-L Franche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)03330-7","article-title":"Development of a brief version of the survey of pain attitudes","volume":"70","author":"RC Tait","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327355.ref013","first-page":"428","article-title":"Work-related recovery expectations and the prognosis of chronic low back pain within a workers\u2019 compensation setting","volume":"47","author":"DP Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327355.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-008-9161-0","article-title":"Systematic review of the ability of recovery expectations to predict outcomes in non-chronic non-specific low back pain","volume":"19","author":"RA Iles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(78)90002-8","article-title":"How shall we study individual differences in cognitive abilities?\u2014Methodological and theoretical perspectives","volume":"2","author":"JB Carroll","year":"1978","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","article-title":"The scree test for the number of factors","volume":"1","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","article-title":"A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis","volume":"30","author":"JL Horn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref018","volume-title":"A first course in factor analysis","author":"AL Comrey","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327355.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294210","article-title":"A General structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators","volume":"49","author":"B Muth\u00e9n","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1975.tb00563.x","article-title":"A comparison of the direct oblimin and primary parsimony methods of oblique rotation","volume":"28","author":"C Crawford","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brit J Math Statis"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref021","volume-title":"Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests","author":"G Rasch","year":"1980"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2691-6_6","article-title":"The Partial Credit Model.","volume-title":"Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory","author":"GN Masters","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02293814","article-title":"A rating scale formulation for ordered response categories","volume":"43","author":"D Andrich","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref024","volume-title":"Winsteps\u00ae Rasch measurement computer program User\u2019s Guide","author":"JM Linacre"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref025","volume-title":"Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327355.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref027","volume-title":"Test theory: A unified treatment","author":"RP McDonald","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327355.ref028","first-page":"343","article-title":"Scale reliability, Cronbach\u2019s coefficient alpha, and violations of essential tau equivalence with fixed congeneric components","volume":"33","author":"T Raykov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327355.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216010251005","article-title":"Bias of coefficient afor fixed congeneric measures with correlated errors","volume":"25","author":"T Raykov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Measure"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref030","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327355.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equation Model: A Multidiscip J"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref032","volume-title":"valuating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes","author":"CY Yu","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","article-title":"Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling","volume":"1","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0487-5","article-title":"Is Rasch model analysis applicable in small sample size pilot studies for assessing item characteristics? An example using PROMIS pain behavior item bank data","volume":"23","author":"W-H Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","article-title":"Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general","volume":"09","author":"T Kyriazos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327355.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2011.10599773","article-title":"Sample size and power estimates for a confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: a Monte Carlo approach","volume":"82","author":"ND Myers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref037","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref038","volume-title":"Monte Carlo PCA for Parallel Analysis","author":"MW Watkins","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref039","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","author":"StataCorp.","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10410","key":"pone.0327355.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02272-9","article-title":"The future of work and health","volume":"402","author":"The Lancet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref041","article-title":"Sample size and tests of measurement invariance","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology","author":"AW Meade","year":"2005"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0327355.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0308022616648173","article-title":"A new vocational rehabilitation service delivery model addressing long-term sickness absence","volume":"79","author":"DM Sheppard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327355.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2709-y","article-title":"How do occupational rehabilitation clinicians approach participants on long-term sick leave in order to facilitate return to work? A focus group study","volume":"17","author":"M Eftedal","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327355.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.1.8","article-title":"A psychosocial risk factor--targeted intervention for the prevention of chronic pain and disability following whiplash injury","volume":"86","author":"MJL Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327355.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30020174","article-title":"\u201cBeyond Cancer\u201d Rehabilitation Program to Support Breast Cancer Survivors to Return to Health, Wellness and Work: Feasibility Study Outcomes","volume":"30","author":"DM Sheppard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0327355.ref046","volume-title":"Psychological health and safety in the workplace","author":"Safe Work Australia","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T17:39:02Z","timestamp":1752255542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327355"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vagnetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327355","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}}}