{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:11:24Z","timestamp":1751602284454,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY019101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY019101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY012576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Burns Family Audacious seed grants"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-22-1-0149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-22-1-0149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-16-1-0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-16-1-0052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000900","name":"California Institute for Regenerative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EDUC4-12972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDUC4-12972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA Research Career Scientist","award":["IK6BX005962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK6BX005962"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating agent used in warfare and terrorism that inflicts devastating ocular injuries. Although the clinical symptoms are well described, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, hindering the development of effective treatments. One major roadblock is the lack of a suitable model due to the extremely hazardous nature of SM, which requires strict safety measures. As a safer and practical alternative, we report a novel model that uses mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) gel, an FDA-approved topical chemotherapeutic administered by patients at home. Here we demonstrate its suitability to induce mustard corneal injury in any laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> porcine corneas were injured with mechlorethamine gel. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate histopathology of SM-like corneal injuries: epithelium thickness and stromal separation, keratocyte and inflammatory cell counts, and expression of inflammation and fibrosis markers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This model showed the characteristic histopathology and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (inflammation) and fibronectin-1 (fibrosis), which were consistent with other well-established SM-like corneal injury models.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Given its ease of implementation and safety, this mechlorethamine model could be used to study the full course of mustard corneal injuries. This model is expected to facilitate the understanding of mustard ocular injuries and the development of novel therapeutics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Translational relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This model will allow safe evaluation of SM-like corneal injuries within 24 hours, facilitating the identification of early\/new molecules that might help to develop novel treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T17:32:18Z","timestamp":1751563938000},"page":"e0327622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A practical and safer model of nitrogen mustard injury in cornea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-5505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana 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