{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:54:36Z","timestamp":1793044476291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI136626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI136626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08DK132977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08DK132977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UL1TR001878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UL1TR001878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec018\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may influence cytokine and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels, which could contribute to increased hepatic steatosis. We utilized MRI to compare three-dimensional volumetric liver fat fraction by chronic HCV status and evaluated associations between liver fat fraction and inflammatory cytokines and IGF-1.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec019\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Participants with untreated, non-genotype 3 chronic HCV and participants without HCV were enrolled between 2019\u22122022 and underwent MRI to quantify three-dimensional volumetric liver fat fraction. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, and IGF-1 were also measured. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine associations between liver fat fraction, chronic HCV, and cytokine and IGF-1 levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec020\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 54 participants with HCV and 54 without HCV, median volumetric liver fat fraction was 12.4% (IQR: 9.3, 18.0%) and 10.9% (IQR: 8.7, 13.3%), respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, mean liver fat fraction was 2.28% (95% CI: 0.55, 4.02%) higher in participants with HCV. HCV was associated with higher mean log TNF-\u03b1 (0.11 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.16]) and IL-18 (0.14 [95% CI: 0.05, 0.24]), but lower mean log IGF-1 (\u22120.18 [95% CI: \u22120.26, \u22120.11]) when compared to those without HCV. IL-6, IL-18, TNF-\u03b1, and IGF-1 were not associated with liver fat fraction.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic HCV is associated with higher volumetric liver fat fraction by MRI. TNF-\u03b1 and IL-18 levels were higher with chronic HCV but were not associated with liver fat fraction. Further research is needed to identify alternative mechanisms that potentiate liver fat deposition in chronic HCV.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T17:25:32Z","timestamp":1753291532000},"page":"e0327668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Magnetic resonance evaluation of three-dimensional liver fat fraction by hepatitis C status and associations with inflammatory cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7861-1421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessie","family":"Torgersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Newcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean 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