{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:26:00Z","timestamp":1791289560978,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Esp\u00edrito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation \u2013 FAPES","award":["2022-5SBS2, 2022-J72BB and 2022-VT4KM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-5SBS2, 2022-J72BB and 2022-VT4KM"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development \u2013 CNPq"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal models, such as high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) rats, have been used to understand its pathophysiology. These models reveal differences between obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) phenotypes. Thus, OR exhibit lower body mass gain and higher levels of physical activity, suggesting a more efficient energy metabolism. This study evaluated the metabolic adaptations and physical performance of OP and OR rats. Wistar rats (30 days old) were subjected to 23-week obesity exposure protocols. Initially, rats were randomized into two groups: a) SD: fed a standard diet (n\u2009=\u200939) and b) HFD: fed a high-fat diet (n\u2009=\u200939). Subsequently, animals were characterized as OP and OR on their respective diets: SD-OR (n\u2009=\u200913); SD-OP (n\u2009=\u200913); HFD-OP (n\u2009=\u200913); HFD-OR (n\u2009=\u200913). Nutritional, metabolic, and adiposity parameters were analyzed. Basal metabolism assessment was performed using indirect calorimetry. Physical performance and aerobic capacity were determined through treadmill exercise tests with gas analyzers for maximal oxygen consumption (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). OR animals had lower body mass compared to OP animals, despite consuming the same caloric intake under both diets. HFD-OP rats gained 30.5% more weight than HFD-OR rats, while SD-OP rats gained 19.5% more than SD-OR rats. SD-OR rats gained 20.5% more weight than HFD-OR. No significant differences in adiposity indices were observed among groups. HFD-OR rats showed 15.6% higher VO\u2082max than HFD-OP rats; SD-OR rats had 12.8% higher VO\u2082max and 20.3% longer time to exhaustion compared to SD-OP rats. Indirect calorimetry revealed higher energy expenditure in OR animals during the dark cycle. OP animals exhibited elevated insulin and HOMA-IR levels, while OR animals had higher leptin and glucagon levels. In conclusion, OR rats showed improved physical performance and aerobic capacity compared to OP rats, even on a high-fat diet, suggesting that OR rats have adaptive mechanisms that enhance energy metabolism and endurance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T17:40:21Z","timestamp":1751910021000},"page":"e0327670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improved physical performance in obesity-resistant rats compared to obesity-prone rats: Effects of different diets and metabolic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-8951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel Sesana","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7891-7105","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus Corteletti","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-8104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucas Furtado","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3ctan Pimentel","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiany","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gabriela","family":"Siqueira Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-4127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K\u00e9ssia Cristina Carvalho","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Lima-Leopoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-2671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Soares Leopoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327670.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00245.2002","article-title":"Reduced central leptin sensitivity in rats with diet-induced obesity","volume":"283","author":"BE Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327670.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22456","article-title":"Metabolic Determinants of Weight Gain in Humans","volume":"27","author":"P Piaggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327670.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010171","article-title":"Obesity-Resistant Mice on a High-Fat Diet Display a Distinct Phenotype Linked to Enhanced Lipid Metabolism","volume":"16","author":"F Milhem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327670.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0226-2","article-title":"Sperm RNA code programmes the metabolic health of offspring","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327670.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2013.01.004","article-title":"Metabolic features of rats resistant to a high-fat diet","volume":"7","author":"S Akieda-Asai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00050","article-title":"Modeling diet-induced obesity with obesity-prone rats: implications for studies in females","volume":"3","author":"ED Giles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327670.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00293.2005","article-title":"Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats","volume":"290","author":"CM Novak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0327670.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation","volume":"18","author":"GA Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327670.ref009","article-title":"Resistance to obesity prevents obesity development without increasing spontaneous physical activity and not directly related to greater metabolic and oxidative capacity","volume":"17","author":"JP Cordeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113048","article-title":"Aerobic capacity modulates adaptive thermogenesis: Contribution of non-resting energy expenditure","volume":"225","author":"SD Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.03.013","article-title":"Spontaneous activity, economy of activity, and resistance to diet-induced obesity in rats bred for high intrinsic aerobic capacity","volume":"58","author":"CM Novak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2023.2171669","article-title":"Reduced contextually induced muscle thermogenesis in rats with calorie restriction and lower aerobic fitness but not monogenic obesity","volume":"10","author":"AM Shemery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Temperature (Austin)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00555.2013","article-title":"Leanness and heightened nonresting energy expenditure: role of skeletal muscle activity thermogenesis","volume":"306","author":"CK Gavini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0327670.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 Purified Diets for Laboratory Rodents: Final Report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A Rodent Diet","volume":"123","author":"PG Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70134-2","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota","volume":"3","author":"AJ Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref016","unstructured":"Milhem et al., Progression to obesity. 2023."},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2018.02.009","article-title":"The genetics of adiposity","volume":"50","author":"RJ Loos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00088.2014","article-title":"Long-term obesity promotes alterations in diastolic function induced by reduction of phospholamban phosphorylation at serine-16 without affecting calcium handling","volume":"117","author":"AP Lima-Leopoldo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0327670.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x2020e10669","article-title":"Isolated obesity resistance condition or associated with aerobic exercise training does not promote cardiac impairment","volume":"54","author":"JP Cordeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin BE. Arcuate NPY neurons and energy homeostasis in diet-induced obese and resistant rats. 1999.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.2.R382"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.1.R231","article-title":"Defense of body weight against chronic caloric restriction in obesity-prone and-resistant rats","volume":"278","author":"BE Levin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2134","article-title":"Differences in energy metabolism and mitochondrial redox status account for the differences in propensity for developing obesity in rats fed on high-fat diet","volume":"9","author":"Y Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.0302","article-title":"Detection of obesity QTLs on mouse chromosomes 1 and 7 by selective DNA pooling","volume":"34","author":"BA Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327670.ref024","article-title":"Resistance to obesity prevents obesity development without increasing spontaneous physical activity and not directly related to greater metabolic and oxidative capacity","volume":"17","author":"JP Cordeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(96)01205-3","article-title":"High-fat hypercaloric diet induces obesity, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia in normal adult male Wistar rat","volume":"31","author":"T Akiyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3281eacef1","article-title":"Original Scientific Paper. Running speed and maximal oxygen uptake in rats and mice: practical implications for exercise training","volume":"14","author":"MA H\u00f8ydal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327670.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24906-y","article-title":"Superior cardiometabolic and cellular adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily sessions of high-intensity interval training in Wistar rats","volume":"12","author":"BF Mendes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327670.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01930-9","article-title":"Consumption of out-of-season orange modulates fat accumulation, morphology and gene expression in the adipose tissue of Fischer 344 rats","volume":"59","author":"A Gibert-Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0327670.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00139.2013","article-title":"Sudden decrease in physical activity evokes adipocyte hyperplasia in 70- to 77-day-old rats but not 49- to 56-day-old rats","volume":"305","author":"JM Company","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.18","article-title":"Adipose tissue morphology predicts improved insulin sensitivity following moderate or pronounced weight loss","volume":"39","author":"D Eriksson-Hogling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref031","author":"BE Levin","year":"1987"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref032","author":"BE Levin","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref033","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113234","article-title":"Dietary options for rodents in the study of obesity","volume":"12","author":"M Bast\u00edas-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327670.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.33594\/000000642","article-title":"A High-Fat Diet Induces Cardiac Damage in Obesity-Resistant Rodents with Reduction in Metabolic Health","volume":"57","author":"JC Cardoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref036","unstructured":"Silvio AOJ. Silvio et al., 2023- Differential nutritional, endocrine, and cardiovascular effects in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats fed standard and hypercaloric diets;.en.pt. 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327670.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.10.008","article-title":"Acute effects of three high-fat meals with different fat saturations on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and satiety","volume":"28","author":"P Casas-Agustench","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0638-z","article-title":"Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans","volume":"53","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0327670.ref039","article-title":"In rats fed high-energy diets, taste, rather than fat content, is the key factor increasing food intake: A comparison of a cafeteria and a lipid-supplemented standard diet","volume":"2017","author":"L Oliva","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0327670.ref040","article-title":"High-fat, high-sucrose, and combined high-fat\/high-sucrose diets effects in oxidative stress and inflammation in male rats under presence or absence of obesity","volume":"11","author":"JBBS Kobi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327670.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0093-z","article-title":"Adipogenesis and metabolic health","volume":"20","author":"AL Ghaben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.03.001","article-title":"Role of immune cells in obesity induced low grade inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"315","author":"A Asghar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.280","article-title":"High fat diet consumption differentially affects adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte size in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats","volume":"42","author":"JM Poret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1000-2","article-title":"Assessment of physical activity: a critical appraisal","volume":"105","author":"KR Westerterp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327670.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00393.2003","article-title":"Obesity-prone rats have normal blood-brain barrier transport but defective central leptin signaling before obesity onset","volume":"286","author":"BE Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327670.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-10-0004","article-title":"Long-term characterization of the diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rat model: a polygenetic rat model mimicking the human obesity syndrome","volume":"206","author":"AN Madsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.003","article-title":"Epigenetic programming, early life nutrition and the risk of metabolic disease","volume":"266","author":"T Block","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327670.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88878","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"A Jais","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021014-071656","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation in the control of metabolic function","volume":"77","author":"M Valdearcos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45887","article-title":"Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity","volume":"121","author":"K Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327670.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117042","article-title":"Long-term exposure of rat pancreatic islets to fatty acids inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and biosynthesis through a glucose fatty acid cycle","volume":"93","author":"YP Zhou","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327670.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00173.2001","article-title":"Long-term high-fat feeding leads to severe insulin resistance but not diabetes in Wistar rats","volume":"282","author":"SM Chalkley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5123241","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia Induced Altered Insulin Signaling Pathway in Muscle of High Fat- and Carbohydrate-Fed Rats: Effect of Exercise","volume":"2021","author":"A Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-0127-4","article-title":"Biochemical and nutritional overview of diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats: what is the best choice?","volume":"10","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition and Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327670.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0111-4","article-title":"Is leptin resistance the cause or the consequence of diet-induced obesity?","volume":"42","author":"KCG de Git","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref056","unstructured":"Zhang Y. Zhang et al., 1994 - descoberta de leptina. 1994."},{"key":"pone.0327670.ref057","author":"MG Myers","year":"2000"},{"issue":"9838","key":"pone.0327670.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"I-M Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0327670.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710","article-title":"Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"J Sattelmair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T17:40:40Z","timestamp":1751910040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327670"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"V. V. Sathibabu","family":"Uddandrao,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]}}}