{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:46:12Z","timestamp":1761515172163,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Awareness of social biases is crucial as they impact both individual behavior and societal outcomes. Whereas previous research indicates that self-awareness of ego-nonthreatening biases enhances self-regulation, the effects of self-awareness of ego-threatening biases remain underexplored. Preliminary findings suggest that awareness of ego-threatening biases related to rumination may lead to maladaptive states. However, these findings await replication with standardized instruments. To address this gap, we conducted two studies. In Study 1 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091609), we developed and validated the 12-item Self-Awareness of Ego-Threatening Biases Questionnaire (SAETBQ). Consistent with our hypotheses, self-awareness of ego-threatening biases (as measured by the SAETBQ) correlated with higher moral disengagement, lower self-diagnostic motive, and lower integrative self-knowledge, indicating a tendency towards ego deterioration, whereas self-awareness of ego-nonthreatening biases (as measured by the Metacognitive Self questionnaire) showed the opposite pattern of correlations, indicating a tendency towards beneficial self-regulation. In Study 2 (<jats:italic>N\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009681), Dark Triad traits correlated positively and Light Triad traits negatively with self-awareness of ego-threatening biases. These results underscore the complex role of self-awareness in managing cognitive biases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T17:29:49Z","timestamp":1752686989000},"page":"e0327989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and validation of the Self-Awareness of Ego-Threatening Biases Questionnaire (SAETBQ)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Brycz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Chybicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Smoli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7876-7314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Lammek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Piotrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2033-4472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-6664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327989.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2010.07.007","article-title":"Inaccurate self-knowledge formation as a result of automatic behavior","volume":"46","author":"Y Bar-Anan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104865","article-title":"Intergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution","volume":"216","author":"FE Enock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.06.007","article-title":"Modern prejudice: Subtle, but unconscious? The role of Bias Awareness in Whites\u2019 perceptions of personal and others\u2019 biases","volume":"61","author":"SP Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4157","key":"pone.0327989.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","article-title":"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases","volume":"185","author":"A Tversky","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.2.262","article-title":"Getting at the truth or getting along: Accuracy- versus impression-motivated heuristic and systematic processing","volume":"71","author":"S Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1348\/135910799168641","article-title":"Mindset, optimistic bias about personal risk and health\u2010protective behaviour","volume":"4","author":"ND Weinstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"British J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034747","article-title":"On the psychology of prediction","volume":"80","author":"D Kahneman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809477.034","article-title":"Facts versus fears: Understanding perceived risk.","volume-title":"Judgment under uncertainty. Heuristic and biases","author":"P Slovic","year":"1982"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2012.07.005","article-title":"The effects of power on prosocial outcomes: A self-validation analysis","volume":"41","author":"KG DeMarree","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"first-page":"285","year":"2014","author":"JA Howard","key":"pone.0327989.ref010"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327989.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-017-9729-y","article-title":"When saying that you are biased means that you are acurate? The moderating effect of cognitive structuring on relationship between metacognitive self and confirmation bias use","volume":"38","author":"Y Bar-Tal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-013-9320-4","article-title":"Patrolling your blind spots: introspection and public catharsis in a medical school faculty development course to reduce unconscious bias in medicine","volume":"37","author":"SD Hannah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2409.2011.01027.x","article-title":"Collective Reactions to Threat: Implications for Intergroup Conflict and for Solving Societal Crises","volume":"5","author":"I Fritsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Issues Policy Review"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112500","article-title":"Individual differences in inaccurate versus accurate economic judgment and decision making. Metacognitive approach","volume":"219","author":"PR Smoli\u0144ski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327989.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911231176275","article-title":"A Brief Measure of Positive and Negative Interpretation Biases: Development and Validation of the Ambiguous Social Scenarios Questionnaire","volume":"31","author":"M Baumgardner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12480","article-title":"Neuroticism and interpersonal perception: Evidence for positive, but not negative, biases","volume":"88","author":"M Hannuschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"volume-title":"How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process","year":"1933","author":"J Dewey","key":"pone.0327989.ref017"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4561.003.0003","article-title":"Why Investigate Metacognition?","volume-title":"Metacognition","author":"TO Nelson","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref019","first-page":"140","article-title":"Defining Self-Awareness in the Context of Adult Development: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"46","author":"J Carden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.193","article-title":"Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health","volume":"103","author":"SE Taylor","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.1.28","article-title":"Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fiction from fact","volume":"116","author":"J Block","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.14254\/2071-789X.2019\/12-1\/12","article-title":"The metacognitive self: The role of motivation and an updated measurement tool","volume":"12","author":"H Brycz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Economics & Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80180-0","article-title":"Longitudinal study of metacognition\u2019s role in self-efficacy and hope development","volume":"14","author":"P Kleka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0278-y","article-title":"Becoming Aware of One\u2019s Own Biases in Emerging Adulthood-A Longitudinal Study. Metacognitive Approach","volume":"15","author":"P Kleka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref025","first-page":"66","article-title":"The metacognitive self fosters the drive for self-knowledge: The role of the metacognitive self in the motivation to search for diagnostic information about the self","volume":"49","author":"H Brycz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polish Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.1.75","article-title":"Models of ecological rationality: the recognition heuristic","volume":"109","author":"DG Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"volume-title":"Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment","year":"1980","author":"RE Nisbett","key":"pone.0327989.ref027"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327989.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000981","article-title":"Anthropocentric biases in teleological thinking: How nature seems designed for humans","volume":"150","author":"JL Preston","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0327989.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.08.008","article-title":"Construct and concurrent validity of the Positive Metacognitions and Positive Meta-Emotions Questionnaire","volume":"49","author":"N Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327989.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21938","article-title":"Influence of self\u2010assessment and conditional metaconceptual knowledge on students\u2019 self\u2010regulation of intuitive and scientific conceptions of evolution","volume":"61","author":"T Hartelt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Res Sci Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref031","first-page":"722","article-title":"Therapist self-awareness and perception of actual performance: the effects of listening to one recorded session","volume":"27","author":"R Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Psychother"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327989.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.13059","article-title":"Teaching psychiatric nursing with films during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study","volume":"31","author":"B Arkan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0327989.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672221120703","article-title":"Self-Awareness and Stereotypes: Accurate Prediction of Implicit Gender Stereotyping","volume":"49","author":"Z Rahmani Azad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327989.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1766","article-title":"An exploration of cultural competency training and genetic counselors\u2019 racial biases","volume":"33","author":"JM Quillin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Genet Couns"},{"volume-title":"A theory of objective self awareness","year":"1972","author":"S Duval","key":"pone.0327989.ref035"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102936","article-title":"Metacognition and emotion - How accurate perception of own biases relates to positive feelings and hedonic capacity","volume":"82","author":"JE Szczepanik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.4.250","article-title":"The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments","volume":"35","author":"RE Nisbett","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203781159","volume-title":"The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations","author":"F Heider","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305","article-title":"Cognition and depression: current status and future directions","volume":"6","author":"IH Gotlib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5","article-title":"A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30","volume":"42","author":"A Wells","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"volume-title":"Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective","year":"1994","author":"A Wells","key":"pone.0327989.ref041"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00050-2","article-title":"Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: the S-REF model","volume":"34","author":"A Wells","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0327989.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00070-9","article-title":"Relationships between worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs","volume":"36","author":"A Wells","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.4.405","article-title":"Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success","volume":"36","author":"S Berglas","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111721","article-title":"Blaming others: Individual differences in self-projection","volume":"196","author":"M Kaufmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref046","first-page":"49","article-title":"The mechanisms of defence","volume":"49","author":"R Schafer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.05.011","article-title":"Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot","volume":"43","author":"E Pronin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766","volume-title":"A theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"L Festinger","year":"1957"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00068.x","article-title":"Self-Enhancement: Food for Thought","volume":"3","author":"C Sedikides","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2000.18.2.178","article-title":"When Stereotype Disconfirmation is a Personal Threat: How Prejudice and Prevention Focus Moderate Incongruency Effects","volume":"18","author":"J F\u00f6rster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.6.1.25","article-title":"Moral Rationalization and the Integration of Situational Factors and Psychological Processes in Immoral Behavior","volume":"6","author":"J-A Tsang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327989.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868309339317","article-title":"The egoism and altruism of intergenerational behavior","volume":"13","author":"KA Wade-Benzoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0327989.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6","article-title":"The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy","volume":"36","author":"DL Paulhus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112688","article-title":"\u201cThere\u2019s only room for one of us in this relationship\u201d: Examining the role of the dark triad in high-performance dyads","volume":"226","author":"JR Stanford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0327989.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289313","article-title":"Implicit bias training can remove bias from subliminal stimuli, restoring choice divergence: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"18","author":"R Koenig-Robert","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"volume-title":"Cz\u0142owiek \u2013 instrukcja obs\u0142ugi. Przewodnik po zachowaniach spo\u0142ecznych","year":"2012","author":"H Brycz","key":"pone.0327989.ref056"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0327989.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/ppb-2017-0029","article-title":"Effects of self-concept differentiation on sense of identity: The divided self revisited again","volume":"48","author":"A Pilarska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polish Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3200\/JRPL.142.4.395-412","article-title":"Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States","volume":"142","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2011.01237.x","article-title":"Why employees do bad things: moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior","volume":"65","author":"C Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.1999.1279","article-title":"Cross-Validation Methods","volume":"44","author":"M Browne","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Math Psychol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0327989.ref061","first-page":"15","article-title":"Replication analysis in exploratory factor analysis: What it is and why it makes your analysis better","volume":"17","author":"JW Osborne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0327989.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8538","article-title":"Optimized variable selection via repeated data splitting","volume":"39","author":"M Capanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","year":"2015","author":"TA Brown","key":"pone.0327989.ref063"},{"volume-title":"Exploratory factor analysis","author":"LR Fabrigar","key":"pone.0327989.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199734177.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","year":"2015","author":"RB Kline","key":"pone.0327989.ref065"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.02.010","article-title":"Walking the thin line between efficiency and accuracy: Validity and structural properties of the Dirty Dozen","volume":"55","author":"PK Jonason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00445","article-title":"The Dirty Dozen Scale: Validation of a Polish Version and Extension of the Nomological Net","volume":"7","author":"AZ Czarna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00467","article-title":"The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature","volume":"10","author":"SB Kaufman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0327989.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5114\/cipp.2019.92960","article-title":"Psychometric properties and validation of the Polish adaptation of the Light Triad Scale","volume":"7","author":"R Gerymski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Issues in Personality Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249215.n18","article-title":"Social Cognitive Theory","volume-title":"Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1","author":"A Bandura","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref071","article-title":"Primacy of personal over collective self and cultural considerations","volume-title":"Self-Esteem Issues and Answers","author":"C Sedikides","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0327989.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.93.5.751","article-title":"Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others","volume":"93","author":"AE Abele","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0327989.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2462-9_8","article-title":"Social Cognitive Theory of Social Referencing","volume-title":"Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy","author":"A Bandura","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0327989.ref074","article-title":"A Long-Term Effect of Perceptual Individuation Training on Reducing Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children","volume":"90","author":"MK Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0327989.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211416","article-title":"Unlearning implicit social biases during sleep: A failure to replicate","volume":"14","author":"GB Humiston","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327989","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T17:29:59Z","timestamp":1752686999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327989"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0327989","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}