{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:08:35Z","timestamp":1775239715872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Cycling performance is influenced by hip flexor and extensor muscle strength. While belt stabilised handheld dynamometers (B-HHD) are valid for measuring isometric hip muscle strength, fixed frame dynamometers are becoming popular, offering potentially better stability and reliability. However, the reliability of both devices has not been examined in cyclists. This study evaluated the test-retest reliability and agreement between a B-HHD (MicroFET2, Hoggan Scientific) and a fixed-frame dynamometer (ForceFrame (FF) Max, Vald Performance) for hip flexion and extension peak force measurement in cyclists.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A test-retest design was used. Twenty-five recreational cyclists (age\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 36.64 (\u00b112.34) years; 22 males) were tested twice, approximately 72 hours apart. Three unilateral maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the hip flexors and extensors of each limb were performed, using the B-HHD and FF in a random order. Within and between session reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)\n 3.1 & 3.k.<\/jats:sub>\n Standard error of measurements (SEM) and minimal detectable changes (MDC) were calculated. Agreement was assessed using 95% limits of agreement (LOA).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n For hip flexion, within and between session reliability was good to excellent, and SEMs were similar (B-HHD ICCs\u2009=\u20090.77\u20130.93, SEMs\u2009=\u200914.25\u201322.71N (7.19\u201310.38%); FF ICCs\u2009=\u20090.77\u20130.95, SEMs\u2009=\u20097.80N\u201318.98N (3.47%\u22128.54%)). FF MDCs were lower within-session (21.61\u201339.48N (9.60\u201317.97%)) than B-HHD MDCs (39.50\u201362.95N (19.94\u201328.78%)), but similar between-sessions (FF MDCs\u2009=\u200941.25\u201352.61N (19.42\u201323.66%); B-HHD MDCs = 41.21N\u201348.95N (18.53\u201323.77%)).<\/jats:p>\n For hip extension, both devices demonstrated good to excellent reliability and SEMs were similar (B-HHD ICCs\u2009=\u20090.90\u20130.95, SEMs\u2009=\u200915.77\u201321.53N (7.38\u20139.96%); FF ICCs\u2009=\u20090.85\u20130.95, SEMs\u2009=\u200919.21\u201329.05N (7.82\u201311.78%) within and between sessions). All LOA exceeded a 20N acceptability threshold.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Both devices are reliable in recreational cyclists, but large MDCs suggest that caution is needed when interpreting repeated measurements. Due to poor agreement, the devices are not interchangeable so should be considered device specific. In practice, our preliminary results suggest FF data cannot be compared with B-HHD data and vice versa, so the same device should be used for repeated measurements in this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T17:38:24Z","timestamp":1775237904000},"page":"e0328143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The test-retest reliability and agreement between a fixed frame and belt-stabilised handheld dynamometer for isometric hip flexion and extension peak force measurement in recreational cyclists"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dion","family":"D\u2019Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benn","family":"Digweed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-6615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328143.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01299.x","article-title":"Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"P Oja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328143.ref002","article-title":"The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults","volume":"14","author":"L-A Leyland","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0328143.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099099","article-title":"Cycling is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases and death: Part 1 - systematic review of cohort studies with meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"S Nordengen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref004","volume-title":"Walking and cycling: local measures to promote walking and cycling as forms of travel or recreation","author":"National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328143.ref005","first-page":"451","article-title":"Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies","volume":"45","author":"J Pucher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328143.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-022-00385-7","article-title":"A descriptive and comparative analysis of injuries reported in USA Cycling-sanctioned competitive road cycling events","volume":"9","author":"G Jancaitis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328143.ref007","first-page":"241","article-title":"Active travel in Germany and the U.S. Contributions of daily walking and cycling to physical activity","volume":"41","author":"R Buehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref008","volume-title":"Road Traffic Estimates: Great Britain 2021","author":"Department of Transport","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328143.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c91f35","article-title":"Force-velocity relationship in cycling revisited: benefit of two-dimensional pedal forces analysis","volume":"42","author":"S Dorel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328143.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00752-2","article-title":"Interplay of Muscle Architecture, Morphology, and Quality in Influencing Human Sprint Cycling Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"S Martin-Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328143.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2005.02.004","article-title":"Muscle recruitment pattern in cycling: a review","volume":"6","author":"RC So","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physical Therapy in Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328143.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c86583","article-title":"The effects of resistance training on road cycling performance among highly trained cyclists: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"LM Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328143.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100507","article-title":"The effects of replacing a portion of endurance training by explosive strength training on performance in trained cyclists","volume":"86","author":"JJ Bastiaans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328143.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1307-z","article-title":"Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists","volume":"108","author":"BR R\u00f8nnestad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328143.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6010029","article-title":"A Comparison of the Effect of Strength Training on Cycling Performance between Men and Women","volume":"6","author":"O Vikmoen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328143.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12257","article-title":"Strength training improves performance and pedaling characteristics in elite cyclists","volume":"25","author":"BR R\u00f8nnestad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328143.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0515-7","article-title":"Strength training reduces freely chosen pedal rate during submaximal cycling","volume":"101","author":"EA Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0328143.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103906","article-title":"Methods for epidemiological studies in competitive cycling: an extension of the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020","volume":"55","author":"B Clarsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0328143.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0928-y","article-title":"Periodic Health Examination and Injury Prediction in Professional Football (Soccer): Theoretically, the Prognosis is Good","volume":"48","author":"T Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328143.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01322-8","article-title":"An Examination and Critique of Current Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity","volume":"50","author":"NA Jamnick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328143.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","article-title":"The Importance of Muscular Strength in Athletic Performance","volume":"46","author":"TJ Suchomel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328143.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.025","article-title":"Hand-held dynamometry correlation with the gold standard isokinetic dynamometry: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"T Stark","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.03.013","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of a hip strength assessment system in varsity soccer players","volume":"37","author":"G Desmyttere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0328143.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.6.04","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Belt-Stabilized Handheld Dynamometer in Hip- and Knee-Strength Tests","volume":"52","author":"J Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.07.010","article-title":"Intrarater reliability of hand held dynamometry in measuring lower extremity isometric strength using a portable stabilization device","volume":"27","author":"SM Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2017-0052","article-title":"Absolute Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Hand Held Dynamometry and Isokinetic Dynamometry in the Hip, Knee and Ankle Joint: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"C Chamorro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0328143.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2023.12045","article-title":"Can Clinicians Trust Objective Measures of Hip Muscle Strength From Portable Dynamometers? A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis and Evidence Gap Map of 107 Studies of Reliability and Criterion Validity Using the COSMIN Methodology","volume":"53","author":"MC Waiteman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328143.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01405.x","article-title":"Hip strength assessment using handheld dynamometry is subject to intertester bias when testers are of different sex and strength","volume":"23","author":"K Thorborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328143.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1179\/108331905X55730","article-title":"Strength testing using hand-held dynamometry","volume":"10","author":"MJ Kolber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physical Therapy Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328143.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308956","article-title":"Handheld dynamometry: Validity and reliability of measuring hip joint rate of torque development and peak torque","volume":"19","author":"K McNabb","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328143.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9606-8","article-title":"The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study","volume":"19","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328143.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.016","article-title":"Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed","volume":"48","author":"J Kottner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.12.010","article-title":"Reliability and validity of common hip adduction strength measures: The ForceFrame strength testing system versus the sphygmomanometer","volume":"59","author":"C O\u2019 Connor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0328143.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.03.006","article-title":"Reliability of a portable fixed frame dynamometry system used to test lower limb strength in elite Australian Football League players","volume":"23","author":"M Ransom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328143.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02822-4","article-title":"COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"30","author":"JJ Gagnier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref036","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello D, Digweed B, Hughes T. Test-retest reliability and agreement of a belt-stabilized handheld dynamometer and the ForceFrame strength testing system in hip strength testing of recreational cyclists (protocol). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/8HB7M"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref037","volume-title":"Promoting physical activity","author":"W Brown","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328143.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10742-022-00293-9","article-title":"Sample size recommendations for studies on reliability and measurement error: an online application based on simulation studies","volume":"23","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Serv Outcomes Res Method"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328143.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328143.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.251","article-title":"Reliability of detecting \u201conset of pain\u201d and \u201csubmaximal pain\u201d during neural provocation testing of the upper quadrant","volume":"7","author":"M Coppieters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328143.ref041","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"JP Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"8476","key":"pone.0328143.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.07.002","article-title":"Validity, reliability, minimal detectable change, and methodological considerations for HHD and portable fixed frame isometric hip and groin strength testing: A comparison of unilateral and bilateral testing methods","volume":"57","author":"C Dunne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328143.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2020.09.003","article-title":"Handheld dynamometers for muscle strength assessment: pitfalls, misconceptions, and facts","volume":"25","author":"MAC Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328143.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13375","article-title":"Isometric training and long-term adaptations: Effects of muscle length, intensity, and intent: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"DJ Oranchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0328143.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002200","article-title":"Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328143.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01636-1","article-title":"Effects of Periodization on Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy in Volume-Equated Resistance Training Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"L Moesgaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328143.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284216","article-title":"Muscle strength gains per week are higher in the lower-body than the upper-body in resistance training experienced healthy young women-A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"R Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328143.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01247-x","article-title":"The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"AD Hagstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref050","unstructured":"Hoggan Scientific. MicroFET2 Digital Handheld Dynamometer [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): Hoggan Scientific. 2023. https:\/\/hogganscientific.com\/product\/microfet2-muscle-tester-digital-handheld-dynamometer\/"},{"key":"pone.0328143.ref051","unstructured":"VALD. ForceFrame Technical Specifications. 2023. https:\/\/support.vald.com\/hc\/en-au\/articles\/4998527361049-ForceFrame-Technical-Specifications"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0328143.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0711-5","article-title":"Development and Validity of the Rating-of-Fatigue Scale","volume":"47","author":"D Micklewright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328143.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","article-title":"Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"AE Saw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T17:38:39Z","timestamp":1775237919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328143"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sohel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}