{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T12:17:21Z","timestamp":1780921041775,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K11427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K11427"]}]},{"name":"Waseda University Grant for Special Research Projects","award":["2023C-539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C-539"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study examined the relationships between the ground reaction force (GRF) during sprint acceleration and lower-limb mechanical capabilities derived from the vertical force\u2013velocity (F-V) profile.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thirty-one male collegiate baseball players performed 15-m sprint accelerations. The mean horizontal and resultant GRFs and leg extension velocities in the propulsive phase were calculated for the first, fifth, and ninth steps during sprint acceleration. From the F-V profile estimated by squat jumps under 5\u20136 loading conditions (0\u2013100\u2009kg), the theoretical maximum force (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>), velocity (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>), power (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), and dynamic lower-limb strength corresponding to the leg extension velocities at each step during sprint acceleration (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1st<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>5th<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>9th<\/jats:sub>) were obtained. Correlations between GRFs during sprint acceleration and F-V profile-derived variables were examined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> moderately to largely correlated with the horizontal GRFs for all steps (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.359 to .543; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.002 to .047). <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> moderately correlated with the horizontal GRFs for the fifth and ninth steps (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.357 and .448; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.049 and .011, respectively) and resultant GRF for the ninth step (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.380; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.035). No significant correlations existed between dynamic lower-limb strengths and GRFs, except for <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1st<\/jats:sub> and resultant GRF for the first step (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.364; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.045).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Greater lower-limb maximal strength and power contribute to a greater horizontal GRF generation in the entire and latter early phases of sprint acceleration, respectively. Thus, strength training tailored to neuromuscular demands for each step may be effective for enhancing sprint acceleration performance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T17:25:14Z","timestamp":1752600314000},"page":"e0328225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationships between the ground reaction force during initial sprint acceleration and the vertical force\u2013velocity 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