{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:50:47Z","timestamp":1792043447699,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Guiyang Science and Technology Plan Projects","award":["ZKH [2022]-4-2-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKH [2022]-4-2-7"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation Cultivation Project of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University","award":["gyfynsfc-2021-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gyfynsfc-2021-31"]}]},{"name":"the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects","award":["QKHJC-ZK [2023] YB365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC-ZK [2023] YB365"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Fund project of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission","award":["gzwkj2022-157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2022-157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease generally divided into two phenotypes including eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP) and non-eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (neCRSwNP). However, its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explore mechanistic differences between eCRSwNP and neCRSwNP using a bioinformatics approach.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We comprehensively analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data from 3 healthy controls and 6 patients with CRSwNP (including 3 with eCRSwNP and 3 with neCRSwNP) to explore the heterogeneity and potential mechanisms of CRSwNP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cluster analysis based on differential gene expression delineated 14 cell clusters. The eCRSwNP group exhibited a markedly higher prevalence of glandular cells and a notable reduction in fibroblasts, myoepithelial cells, and secretory cells compared to patients with neCRSwNP. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed the activation of pathways such as IL2-STAT5 signaling and the inhibition of apoptotic pathways in eCRSwNP compared to neCRSwNP. Significant differences in the metabolic profiles of epithelial cell subpopulations were observed between eCRSwNP and neCRSwNP. Furthermore, there were notable discrepancies in the numbers and functionality of immune cells between eCRSwNP and neCRSwNP. The CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Th2 cell subsets were found to be significantly enriched in eCRSwNP. The highest number of cellular communications from type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2) to CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Th2 cells was found in CRSwNP, where the ICAM1-CD226 pathway from cDC2 to CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Th2 was significantly upregulated in eCRSwNP. In addition, eCRSwNP was mainly infiltrated with tissue-resident macrophages, whereas neCRSwNP was mainly infiltrated with monocyte-derived macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study provides new insights into the heterogeneity, molecular mechanisms, and biomarkers of CRSwNP, contributing to improved diagnostic and therapeutic options for this condition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T17:24:16Z","timestamp":1753723456000},"page":"e0328241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Single cell transcriptomic analysis reveals transcriptome differences of different cells between eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanshan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1150-3842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0328241.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"WJ Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22741","article-title":"International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis 2021","volume":"11","author":"RR Orlandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00904-w","article-title":"Evolving Rhinology: Understanding the Burden of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Today, Tomorrow, and Beyond","volume":"20","author":"MT Yim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.029","article-title":"Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care","volume":"114","author":"EO Meltzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0328241.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22214","article-title":"Highlights of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in definition, prognosis, and advancement","volume":"8","author":"H Lou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100401","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"12","author":"RP Schleimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.07.002","article-title":"Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"68","author":"S Fujieda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.009","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis in Asia","volume":"140","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328241.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.04.010","article-title":"Etiology of epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with type 2 inflammatory diseases","volume":"139","author":"RP Schleimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.10.010","article-title":"Interleukin-33 induces mucin gene expression and goblet cell hyperplasia in human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"90","author":"H Ishinaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356298","article-title":"The interleukin-4\/interleukin-13 pathway in type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"15","author":"C Bachert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12809","article-title":"Barrier function of the nasal mucosa in health and type-2 biased airway diseases","volume":"71","author":"N Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101847","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in allergic inflammation","volume":"70","author":"M Benamar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156557","article-title":"CD4+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T-cells in Modulating Inflammatory Microenvironment in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Progress and Future Prospect","volume":"178","author":"NNFM Yusoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0328241.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypes and functions: resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"P Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112236","article-title":"Macrophages in CRSwNP: Do they deserve more attention?","volume":"134","author":"H-L Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.015","article-title":"The mucosal concept in chronic rhinosinusitis: Focus on the epithelial barrier","volume":"153","author":"B Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120417-031247","article-title":"Power in Numbers: Single-Cell RNA-Seq Strategies to Dissect Complex Tissues","volume":"52","author":"KD Birnbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref019","first-page":"0033","article-title":"PTBP2-Mediated Alternative Splicing of IRF9 Controls Tumor-Associated Monocyte\/Macrophage Chemotaxis and Repolarization in Neuroblastoma Progression","volume":"6","author":"J Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research (Wash D C)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328241.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0021-7","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing for the study of development, physiology and disease","volume":"14","author":"SS Potter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae043","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing technology in skin wound healing","volume":"12","author":"XC Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1196892","article-title":"Innovative breakthroughs facilitated by single-cell multi-omics: manipulating natural killer cell functionality correlates with a novel subcategory of melanoma cells","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref023","article-title":"Single-cell immune signature for detecting early-stage HCC and early assessing anti-PD-1 immunotherapy efficacy","volume":"10","author":"J Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328241.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003534","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment in EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"10","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref025","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals immune cell dysfunction in the peripheral blood of patients with highly aggressive gastric cancer","volume":"57","author":"R Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0328241.ref026","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing elucidated the landscape of breast cancer brain metastases and identified ILF2 as a potential therapeutic target","volume":"57","author":"J Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref027","article-title":"Perturbated glucose metabolism augments epithelial cell proinflammatory function in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"151","author":"C-L Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07696-x","article-title":"Identification and validation of ferroptosis-related genes for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"280","author":"G-J Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"7720","key":"pone.0328241.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0449-8","article-title":"Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells","volume":"560","author":"J Ordovas-Montanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328241.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01312-0","article-title":"Single-cell profiling identifies mechanisms of inflammatory heterogeneity in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"23","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"62","key":"pone.0328241.ref031","article-title":"Single-cell analysis pinpoints distinct populations of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and an IL-10+CD109+ TH2 cell population in nasal polyps","volume":"6","author":"J Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1307-8_19","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis: A Step-by-Step Overview","volume":"2284","author":"S Slovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13409","article-title":"An artificial intelligence network-guided signature for predicting outcome and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma patients based on 26 machine learning algorithms","volume":"56","author":"N Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328241.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae426","article-title":"ScType enables fast and accurate cell type identification from spatial transcriptomics data","volume":"40","author":"K Nader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01120-5","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic landscape in aortic aneurysm","volume":"21","author":"G Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref036","article-title":"Decoding the molecular landscape of keloids: new insights from single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"11","author":"Y Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","article-title":"Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13376","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of pyroptosis-related gene signatures for glioblastoma immune microenvironment and target therapy","volume":"56","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref039","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq and bulk-seq identify RAB17 as a potential regulator of angiogenesis by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"11","author":"H Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"6574","key":"pone.0328241.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe6474","article-title":"Pan-cancer single-cell landscape of tumor-infiltrating T cells","volume":"374","author":"L Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0316","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Immune Landscape of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis at Single-Cell Level","volume":"12","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac935","article-title":"FerrDb V2: update of the manually curated database of ferroptosis regulators and ferroptosis-disease associations","volume":"51","author":"N Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15212\/CVIA.2022.0001","article-title":"Common Statistical Methods and Reporting of Results in Medical Research","volume":"6","author":"G Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"CVIA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044017","article-title":"Role of Nasal Fibroblasts in Airway Remodeling of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The Modulating Functions Reexamined","volume":"24","author":"JM Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328241.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2012.07.009","article-title":"Reciprocal roles of STAT3 and STAT5 in nasal polyposis","volume":"33","author":"X-Q Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328241.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061400","article-title":"Expression of Apoptosis-Related Biomarkers in Inflamed Nasal Sinus Epithelium of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP)-Evaluation at mRNA and miRNA Levels","volume":"10","author":"M Morawska-Kochman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989489","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.989489","article-title":"Predictive value of S100A4 in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"9","author":"S Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835888","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835888","article-title":"S100A4\/TCF Complex Transcription Regulation Drives Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Sinusitis Through Wnt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling","volume":"13","author":"N Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2006.10.014","article-title":"Nitric oxide: a new concept in chronic sinusitis pathogenesis","volume":"28","author":"M Naraghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10234","article-title":"Role of Thiamin in Health and Disease","volume":"34","author":"BF Polegato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101674","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain: Oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement","volume":"37","author":"D Nolfi-Donegan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22530","article-title":"Expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"10","author":"K Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21133","article-title":"Expression of dual oxidases and secreted cytokines in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"3","author":"D-Y Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease","volume":"22","author":"X Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.671","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps and without polyps is associated with increased expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3","volume":"131","author":"SJ Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0328241.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.35936","article-title":"Agonist of PPAR-\u03b3 Reduced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps via Inhibition of High Mobility Group Box1","volume":"16","author":"P Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v50i4.527","article-title":"Correlation analysis of TGF-\u03b21, MMP-9, TIMP-1, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-\u03b1 in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis: A retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"W Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref058","first-page":"133","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"38","author":"C Cormier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850494","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.850494","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Nasal Polyps Reveals a More Pronounced Type 2 Transcriptomic Profile of Epithelial Cells and Mast Cells in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease","volume":"13","author":"C Bangert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0328241.ref060","article-title":"Different roles of dendritic cells for chronic rhinosinusitis treatment according to phenotype","volume":"23","author":"J Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328241.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0234OC","article-title":"Disease-specific T-helper cell polarizing function of lesional dendritic cells in different types of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"190","author":"L-L Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328241.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2009.219","article-title":"Association of IL1A, IL1B, and TNF gene polymorphisms with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis: A replication study","volume":"136","author":"L Mfuna Endam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2016.37.3899","article-title":"Biomarker assessment in chronic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis: Endothelin-1, TARC\/CCL17, neopterin, and \u03b1-defensins","volume":"37","author":"NN Tsybikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328241.ref064","article-title":"Decreased expression of CCL17 in the disrupted nasal polyp epithelium and its regulation by IL-4 and IL-5","volume":"13","author":"B Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S453567","article-title":"Chemokine CCL19 and its receptors CCR7 and CCRL1 in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"17","author":"CR Mahomva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32835b350e","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis: review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"A Luukkainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.2MR0220-549R","article-title":"ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis","volume":"108","author":"TM Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328241.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113306","article-title":"CD226 maintains regulatory T cell phenotype stability and metabolism by the mTOR\/Myc pathway under inflammatory conditions","volume":"42","author":"J Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328241.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.08.021","article-title":"Increased expression of CC chemokine ligand 18 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"129","author":"S Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0328241.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040638","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms of Eosinophil Accumulation in Eosinophilic Pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"K Nakagome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328241.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000093206","article-title":"Endothelial and epithelial expression of eotaxin-2 (CCL24) in nasal polyps","volume":"140","author":"D Schaefer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54685-1","article-title":"Granzyme K+ CD8+ T cells interact with fibroblasts to promote neutrophilic inflammation in nasal polyps","volume":"15","author":"CL Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328241.ref073","article-title":"Glycolytic reprogramming is involved in tissue remodeling on chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"18","author":"M-S Jo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0328241.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356298","article-title":"The interleukin-4\/interleukin-13 pathway in type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"15","author":"C Bachert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T17:24:29Z","timestamp":1753723469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328241"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}