{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T18:10:03Z","timestamp":1754071803513,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Proper and effective public education during epidemics of infectious diseases can have a key effect in controlling epidemics and reducing their complications. Therefore, the present study aims to assess public education methods during infectious disease epidemics from the perspectives of both the public and experts in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec023\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present study is a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) with a parallel convergent design conducted in 2024 in Iran. The public\u2019s views on the effectiveness, strengths, and weaknesses of each method used for educating people during epidemics, with a focus on the COVID-19 epidemic, were collected through a self-development valid and reliable questionnaire (with closed and open-ended questions). Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS:16 software. In the qualitative section, data were collected by semi-structured interviews and manually analyzed using content analysis methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Television (79.9%), social networks (78.8%), and websites (78.5%) were introduced as sources that have performed best, provided various information and education, had a high impact on the audience, and successfully gained people\u2019s trust during epidemics of infectious diseases. In the qualitative section, the majority of participants identified in-person training as the most effective method of educating people. Utilizing the capacities of mass media and providing accurate information to the public were strengths, while dissemination of false and unscientific information and lack of trust in relevant institutions were identified as weaknesses in educating people during epidemics of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec025\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, an attempt was made to provide comprehensive and sufficient information for decision-making and effective planning for public education in the next epidemics of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:33:59Z","timestamp":1754069639000},"page":"e0328451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Public education during epidemics of infectious diseases: A national mixed-method study with parallel convergent design in a low and middle-income country"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Saber","family":"Azami-Aghdash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salar","family":"Mohammaddokht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"kashani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Pourgholam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4849-8568","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6182-4857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elaheh","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0328451.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111418","article-title":"COVID-19, an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic\/pandemic events and prevalence","volume":"141","author":"A Tsatsakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0328451.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.005","article-title":"The potential impact of COVID-19 on psychosis: a rapid review of contemporary epidemic and pandemic research","volume":"222","author":"E Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"pone.0328451.ref003","volume-title":"The great leveler: the princeton economic history of the Western world","author":"W Scheidel","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0328451.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9798400647055","volume-title":"Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history","author":"JN Hays","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0328451.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_957_20","article-title":"Participation of delivering private hospital services in universal health coverage: a systematic scoping review of the developing countries\u2019 evidence","volume":"10","author":"R Fallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"pone.0328451.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110962","article-title":"A neglected reality of mass media during COVID-19: effect of pandemic news on individual\u2019s positive and negative emotion and psychological resilience","volume":"180","author":"SP Giri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328451.ref007","first-page":"3","article-title":"When is an epidemic an epidemic?","volume":"4","author":"MS Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"IMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328451.ref008","first-page":"3","article-title":"Public health surveillance in the United States: evolution and challenges","volume":"61","author":"Control CfD, Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328451.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01582-4","article-title":"A systematic review of racial\/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"A Khanijahani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"pone.0328451.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhav N, Oppenheim B, Gallivan M, Mulembakani P, Rubin E, Wolfe N. 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