{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:46:29Z","timestamp":1754153189188,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec013\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is considered one of the main agents for pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, sinusitis, and acute otitis media (AOM)especially in children under 5 years, and a cause for morbidity and mortality due to respiratory infections worldwide. Our aim was to investigate the influence of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> colonization in vaccinated children regarding infections in a one-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A double-blind, observational, prospective cohort study was conducted on children aged 18\u201359 months, vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 10 (PCV10) or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13). A total of 225 children were monitored, with different dates of entry into the study, which occurred between March 2018 and October 2019 (zero time). At the end of one year, counting from the date of entry, interviews and data collection took place in medical records (end of follow-up). The Poisson regression with robust variance and Chi-squared or Fisher\u2019s exact tests were used for qualitative analyses; Mann-Whitney or Friedman tests for quantitative analyses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A high colonization rate (64.4%) was observed, with only 2.8% of carriers having a PCV10 vaccine serotype, specifically 6B, as expected. Being male showed association to colonization (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05). We found that children colonized by pneumococcus do not have an increased risk for respiratory diseases or antimicrobial use. Exception was only observed in cases of serotype 6B colonization, showing association with pneumonia in children under 2 years (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study reveals that the carriage of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> does not appear to significantly impact the incidence of respiratory diseases in a fully-vaccinated children population. However, it is noteworthy that a correlation was observed in the occurrence of pneumonia in children under the age of 2 when colonized by serotype 6B.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T17:26:46Z","timestamp":1753205206000},"page":"e0328516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-vaccination Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and respiratory manifestations in children: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-5137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaqueline Elisa Verardo","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kauana","family":"Pizzutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana Preussler","family":"Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Uriel Pedrotti","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neide Maria","family":"Bruscato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio Hideyuki","family":"Moriguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta Rigo","family":"Dalla Corte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos Batista","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8358-1183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C\u00edcero","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0328516.ref001","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae\u2019s virulence and host immunity: aging, diagnostics, and prevention","volume":"9","author":"LRK Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328516.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux037","article-title":"A visual review of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"41","author":"DH Engholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0328516.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"C Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328516.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30247-X","article-title":"Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000\u201315","volume":"6","author":"B Wahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328516.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304978","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: Serotype distribution, disease burden, and impact of vaccination. 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