{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:23:08Z","timestamp":1787239388556,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer's Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS-R42303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-R42303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer's Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS-SF-14-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-SF-14-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Principal\u2019s Career Development Scholarship","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Modularity is a well-established concept for assessing community structures in various single and multi-layer networks, including those in biological and social domains. Brain networks are known to exhibit community structure at a variety of scales\u2014local, meso, and global scale. However, modularity, while useful in describing mesoscale brain organization, is limited as a metric to a global scale describing the overall strength of community structure. This approach, while valuable, overlooks important variations in community structure at node level. To address this limitation, we extended modularity to individual nodes. This novel measure of nodal modularity (\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) captures both mesoscale and local-scale changes in modularity. We hypothesized that\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    would illuminate granular changes in the brain due to diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), which are known to disrupt the brain\u2019s modular structure. We explored\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    in multiplex networks of a visual short-term memory binding task in fMRI and DTI data in the early stages of AD. While limited by sample size, changes in\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    for individual regions of interest (ROIs) in our fMRI networks were predominantly observed in visual, limbic, and paralimbic systems in the brain, aligning with known AD trajectories and linked to amyloid-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tau deposition. Furthermore, observed changes in white-matter microstructure in our DTI networks in parietal and frontal regions may compliment studies of white-matter integrity in poor memory binders. Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    clearly differentiated MCI from MCI converters indicating that\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be sensitive to this key turning point of AD. Our findings demonstrate the utility of\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a measure of localized group structure, providing novel insights into task and disease-related variability at the node level. Given the widespread application of modularity as a global measure,\n                    <jats:italic>nQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents a significant advancement, providing a granular measure of network organization applicable to a wide range of disciplines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:56:53Z","timestamp":1755885413000},"page":"e0328736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multiplex nodal modularity: A novel network metric for the regional analysis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment during a working memory binding task"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2263-0593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Avalon","family":"Campbell-Cousins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Guazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Bastin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-8725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier","family":"Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328736.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.02.005","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment","volume":"33","author":"AM Sanford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"9518","key":"pone.0328736.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68542-5","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment","volume":"367","author":"S Gauthier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328736.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.03.003","article-title":"Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The role of biomarkers including advanced EEG signal analysis. 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