{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:13:44Z","timestamp":1780611224440,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the crucial variables in urban microclimate studies. Satellite-based thermal data and vegetation indices, like the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), help to understand changes in LST and the development of urban heat islands (UHI). We analyzed the variations in LST and vegetation coverage in two rapidly urbanizing provinces, located in southern Vietnam and Cambodia, respectively, over the 10 years from 2013 to 2025. Additionally, complementary ERA5 Interim air temperature data were also utilized. The satellite and <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> data analysis have been used to understand the impacts of urbanization on LSTs. Spatiotemporal changes in NDVI showed rapid urbanization in the eastern region of Battambang city (39.2 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> to 47.8 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and throughout the southern areas of Binh Duong Province (387 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> to 464.3 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Time-series analysis indicated a consistent increase in LST in both study sites. There has been a notable increase in minimum LST since 2017 in the entire city of Battambang, whereas the central area of Battambang has become consistently warmer after 2020. The minimum estimated LST in Battambang varied between 16.1 \u00b0C and 28.58 \u00b0C (and increased 0.35 \u00b0C per year), whereas the maximum LST varied between 29.2 \u00b0C to 40.23 \u00b0C (and increased 0.36 \u00b0C per year). The LST in southern Binh Duong increased gradually during the study period, primarily due to rapid urbanization and vegetation loss. The minimum estimated LST in Binh Duong varied between 13.2 \u00b0C to 24.73 \u00b0C (and increased 0.26 \u00b0C per year), whereas the maximum LST varied between 34.6 \u00b0C to 41.3 \u00b0C (and increased 0.024 \u00b0C per year). The outcome of this study holds considerable importance, as the phenomenon of UHI formation has been documented in rapidly expanding cities and impervious surfaces globally, especially in Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:35:30Z","timestamp":1760549730000},"page":"e0328750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Land surface temperature evolution in rapidly urbanizing areas of Southeast Asia: Studies from Vietnam and Cambodia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bijeesh Kozhikkodan","family":"Veettil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Costi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8191-1580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanna","family":"Teck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0328750.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.008","article-title":"Satellite-derived land surface temperature: current status and perspectives","volume":"131","author":"Z-L Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0328750.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-6024-4","article-title":"Time series trends of land surface temperatures in Egypt: a signal for global warming","volume":"75","author":"ME Hereher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.11.023","article-title":"Analyzing long-term spatio-temporal patterns of land surface temperature in response to rapid urbanization in the mega-city of Tehran","volume":"71","author":"A Tayyebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328750.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11332-4","article-title":"Variations in land surface temperatures in small-scale urban areas in Vietnam during Covid-19 restrictions: case studies from Da Nang, Hue and Vinh City","volume":"195","author":"BK Veettil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1789-6","article-title":"Temperature response to future urbanization and climate change","volume":"42","author":"D Arg\u00fceso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim Dyn"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.968","article-title":"Climate change in urban versus rural areas","volume":"119","author":"M Zele\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328750.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/cli4020029","article-title":"Urban-rural temperature differences in Lagos","volume":"4","author":"V Ojeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328750.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030438","article-title":"Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities","volume":"46","author":"S Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328750.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080957","article-title":"Urbanization and its impacts on land surface temperature in Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka, from 1988 to 2016","volume":"11","author":"HPU Fonseka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0328750.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9903","DOI":"10.3390\/su16229903","article-title":"Key challenges and strategies in the evaluation of sustainable urban regeneration projects: insights from a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"ZM Said","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.01.087","article-title":"Assess the effect of different degrees of urbanization on land surface temperature using remote sensing images","volume":"13","author":"Z Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Environ Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0328750.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11600-018-0189-z","article-title":"Vegetation changes and formation of small-scale urban heat islands in three populated districts of Kerala State, India","volume":"66","author":"BK Veettil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geophys"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref013","article-title":"A systematic review of urban regeneration\u2019s impact on sustainable transport: traffic dynamics, policy responses, and environmental implications","author":"S Dindar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain Dev"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100581","article-title":"Is urbanisation also the culprit of climate change? \u2013 Evidence from Australian cities","volume":"31","author":"B Maheshwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0328750.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00079-8","article-title":"Thermal remote sensing of urban climates","volume":"86","author":"JA Voogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328750.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-5871.2009.00607.x","article-title":"Study of the impact of urban development on surface temperature using remote sensing in Ho Chi Minh City, Southern Vietnam","volume":"48","author":"T Thi Van","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0328750.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-024-06431-5","article-title":"Determination of land surface temperature and urban heat island effects with remote sensing capabilities: the case of Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"120","author":"M Cetin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55043-3_5","article-title":"Spatial correlations of changing land use, surface temperature (UHI) and NDVI in Delhi using Landsat satellite images","volume-title":"Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities","author":"R Singh","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328750.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071191","article-title":"Monitoring effect of spatial growth on land surface temperature in Dhaka","volume":"12","author":"MdM Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref020","first-page":"647","article-title":"Remote sensing of urban \u201cheat islands\u201d from an environmental satellite","volume":"53","author":"PK Rao","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.01.009","article-title":"Assessment of urbanization and urban heat islands in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam using Landsat data","volume":"30","author":"N-T Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328750.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010048","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of surface urban heat islands: progress, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"D Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0328750.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66812","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26892-8","article-title":"Did the Covid-19 restrictions influence land surface temperatures in Southeast Asia? A study from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","volume":"30","author":"BK Veettil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of urbanization effects: unravelling land use and land cover dynamics and their influence on land surface temperature in Aligarh City","author":"D Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geol Ecol Landscapes"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparing the seasonal relationship of land surface temperature with vegetation indices and other land surface indices","author":"A Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geol Ecol Landscapes"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2013.04.001","article-title":"Urban heat & critical infrastructure networks: a viewpoint","volume":"3","author":"L Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Clim"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328750.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.8907","article-title":"Intensification of heat extremes in Southeast Asia: spatial\u2013temporal analysis of temperature trends and heat events (1940\u20132023)","volume":"45","author":"T Amnuaylojaroen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intl J Climatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328750.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14691","article-title":"Disentangling the trend in the warming of urban areas into global and local factors","volume":"1504","author":"F Estrada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-5-W2-57-2019","article-title":"Understanding link between land surface temperature and landscape heterogeneity: a spatio-temporal and inter-seasonal variability study on Kabul city, Afghanistan","author":"S Mahmoodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci"},{"issue":"730","key":"pone.0328750.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"H Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2016.09.022","article-title":"Does urbanization reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Vietnam","volume":"60","author":"M Arouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ Modell"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328750.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/land9080249","article-title":"Benefits and constraints of the agricultural land acquisition for urbanization for household gender equality in affected rural communes: a case study in Huong Thuy Town, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"N Pham Thi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0328750.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001433822090067","article-title":"Relationship between the land surface temperature and land cover types, a case study in Hanoi City, Vietnam","volume":"58","author":"T Le Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Izv Atmos Ocean Phys"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328750.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071286","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of land surface temperature in response to land use and land cover changes: a remote sensing approach","volume":"16","author":"G Mohiuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0328750.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121965","article-title":"Assessing the effects of land-use types in surface urban heat islands for developing comfortable living in Hanoi City","volume":"10","author":"N Thanh Hoan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2021.100137","article-title":"Status of bamboos in Binh Duong province, Vietnam: distribution, species diversity, conservation and utilization","volume":"6","author":"VT Thuy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trees, Forests People"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref037","unstructured":"Binh Duong People\u2019s Committee. Natural conditions. Internet portal of Binh Duong People\u2019s Committee. 2018 [Accessed 2025 January 10]. https:\/\/eng.binhduong.gov.vn\/Lists\/GioiThieu\/DispForm.aspx?ID=16&InitialTabId=Ribbon"},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0328750.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17096","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2123564","article-title":"Land-use change and urban expansion in Binh Duong province, Vietnam, from 1995 to 2020","volume":"37","author":"DH Bui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref039","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessing the effect of open-pit mining activities and urbanization on fine particulate matter concentration by using remote sensing imagery: a case study in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam.","author":"TD Khuc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental science and engineering. Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref040","first-page":"491","article-title":"Review of a green infrastructure approach in urban flood management and its possible application in Binh Duong Province.","author":"TNT An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in 21st century human settlements. Springer Nature Singapore"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref041","volume-title":"The 2017 social economics: battambang city","author":"Department of Planning","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref042","volume-title":"Technical report on the land use master plan for Battambang Municipality","author":"Battambang Municipality","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref043","unstructured":"Carter R, Grayson G, Hewitt J. Strategic guidelines for heritage tourism in Battambang Province, Cambodia. 2016. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/303566295_Strategic_Guidelines_for_Heritage_Tourism_in_Battambang_Province_Cambodia"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0328750.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11170","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011170","article-title":"Evaluation of land use and land cover change and its drivers in Battambang Province, Cambodia from 1998 to 2018","volume":"13","author":"T Sourn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0328750.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9276","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169276","article-title":"Land use and land cover changes and its impact on soil erosion in stung sangkae catchment of Cambodia","volume":"13","author":"N Nut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.10.003","article-title":"Battambang City, Cambodia: From a small colonial settlement to an emerging regional centre","volume":"87","author":"SS Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0328750.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.3390\/su14074066","article-title":"Assessment of land use and land cover changes on soil erosion using remote sensing, GIS and RUSLE model: a case study of Battambang Province, Cambodia","volume":"14","author":"T Sourn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328750.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/environments8100105","article-title":"Study of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) using remote sensing data\/techniques: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"CR de Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.10.003","article-title":"Determinants of urban\u2013rural land surface temperature differences \u2013 A landscape scale perspective","volume":"134","author":"M Heinl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landscape Urban Plann"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814458-9.00003-4","article-title":"Land surface temperature","author":"GC Hulley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Taking the temperature of the earth. Elsevier"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0328750.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12961","DOI":"10.3390\/su151712961","article-title":"Assessment of land surface temperature from the Indian Cities of Ranchi and Dhanbad during COVID-19 lockdown: implications on the urban climatology","volume":"15","author":"SMT Qadri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref052","author":"Copernicus Climate Change Service","year":"2023","journal-title":"ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS)"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1480307","article-title":"Algorithm for automated mapping of land surface temperature using LANDSAT 8 satellite data","volume":"2016","author":"U Avdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0328750.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03458-8","article-title":"Land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index relationship: a seasonal study on a tropical city","volume":"2","author":"S Guha","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0328750.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8803","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098803","article-title":"Radiometric calibration methodology of the Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor","volume":"6","author":"M Montanaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328750.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19088-x","article-title":"Relationship among land surface temperature and LUCC, NDVI in typical karst area","volume":"8","author":"Y Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328750.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2020.1754291","article-title":"Analytical study on the relationship between land surface temperature and land use\/land cover indices","volume":"26","author":"S Guha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann GIS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328750.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13322","article-title":"Analysis of the relationship among land surface temperature (LST), land use land cover (LULC), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with topographic elements in the lower Himalayan region","volume":"9","author":"W Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2020.102265","article-title":"Influence of the proportion, height and proximity of vegetation and buildings on urban land surface temperature","volume":"95","author":"C Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Observation Geoinform"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1029\/JC083iC04p01889","article-title":"Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation","volume":"83","author":"JW Deardorff","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328750.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215333","article-title":"The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA\/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"19","author":"G Gutman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.35762\/AER.2022.44.3.2","article-title":"Assessing vegetation cover change using remote sensing: case study at Binh Duong Province, Vietnam","author":"N Thi Huyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"App Envi Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328750.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020642","article-title":"Assessing the influence of land use\/land cover alteration on climate variability: an analysis in the aurangabad district of Maharashtra State, India","volume":"14","author":"M Masroor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2024.102010","article-title":"Impact of urban growth in Delhi and It\u2019s Peri-urban environment on urban heat exposure","volume":"56","author":"SK Mallick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Clim"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0328750.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.016","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform","volume":"113","author":"B Mart\u00ednez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.04.008","article-title":"NDVI as an indicator for changes in water availability to woody vegetation","volume":"23","author":"C Aguilar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol Indicators"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0328750.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174241","article-title":"Understanding the linkage between urban growth and land surface temperature\u2014A case study of Bangalore City, India","volume":"14","author":"S Kanga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2020.103333","article-title":"Calculation of land surface emissivity and retrieval of land surface temperature based on a spectral mixing model","volume":"108","author":"CL Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrared Phys Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0328750.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020294","article-title":"Land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 over rural areas: assessment of different retrieval algorithms and emissivity models and toolbox implementation","volume":"12","author":"A Sekertekin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328750.ref070","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of global land surface temperature: definition, methods, products, and applications","volume":"61","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0328750.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-024-07328-6","article-title":"Elevation dependent change in ERA5 precipitation and its extremes","volume":"62","author":"O Ferguglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clim Dyn"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0328750.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212570","article-title":"Cold Bias of ERA5 summertime daily maximum land surface temperature over Iberian Peninsula","volume":"11","author":"F Johannsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0328750.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-025-01023-x","article-title":"Increasing probability of extreme rainfall preconditioned by humid heatwaves in global coastal megacities","volume":"8","author":"P Ganguli","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Clim Atmos Sci"},{"key":"pone.0328750.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106591","article-title":"Representation and evaluation of southern Africa\u2019s seasonal mean and extreme temperatures in the ERA5-based reanalysis products","volume":"284","author":"SJ Roffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:35:43Z","timestamp":1760549743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328750"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Trung","family":"Van Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0328750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}