{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T16:29:38Z","timestamp":1774801778476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Childbirth violence is a cultural and social issue with a complex and multidimensional nature that silently threatens women\u2019s health around the world. Thus, designing an instrument based on social norms and the cultural context of society is an essential need. The study aims to develop and validate a measurement instrument that assesses childbirth violence, focusing on the experiences of women during childbirth.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study utilized a mixed-methods approach which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies and evaluated a new tool for assessing violence during childbirth. It included three main phases: Instrument Development, Validity, and Reliability. The instrument\u2019s validity was tested through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). To assess sampling adequacy, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index. Multiple extraction and rotation techniques were employed to determine the optimal questionnaire structure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After completing the qualitative phase, the research team focused on two key themes: the violation of pregnant mothers\u2019 rights within the healthcare system and societal factors contributing to violence against pregnant mothers. 99 items were identified based on participants\u2019 perspectives and interviews. Existing questionnaires on respectful maternal care were reviewed, but none specifically targeted childbirth violence. A comprehensive pool of 108 items was refined to a preliminary questionnaire with 65 items for psychometric testing. EFA, based on maximum likelihood and varimax rotation, concealed that questionnaire contains four factors including; psychological and physical abuse, non-professional care, delay in offering care and lack of family support. These factors explained 63.276% of the total variance. Cronbach\u2019s alpha (0.88\u20130.90), (ICC\u2009=\u20090.95 (and (SEM\u2009=\u20093.2), confirmed the sufficient reliability of the Childbirth Violence Questionnaire with 34 items (CBVQ-34).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CBVQ is a unique tool to assess childbirth violence through mothers\u2019 experiences during natural birth or emergency cesarean sections. It focuses on violence from care teams, the health system, and families, unlike existing tools that mainly highlight the care team\u2019s relationship with the mother. The CBVQ also considers the health system\u2019s structures and family support, distinguishing it from other tools.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:44:01Z","timestamp":1757007841000},"page":"e0328932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The assessment of psychometric properties of childbirth violence questionnaire in Iranian 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