{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:53:53Z","timestamp":1790258033151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Violent discipline, characterized by the use of physical force resulting in bodily pain, discomfort, or resorting to scolding and emotional abuse to correct children\u2019s misbehavior, has gathered considerable attention due to its negative impact on children\u2019s development. This study aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with different violent disciplinary practices toward children of 1\u201314 years age in Bangladesh. Utilizing data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in 2019, this analysis, based on interviews with parents of 70027 children, focuses on three dependent variables measuring violent disciplinary practices: psychological aggression, physical punishment and any violent discipline. The independent variables considered include the child\u2019s age, sex, type of residence (rural or urban), division, education of mothers, child disability, ethnicity and wealth index. Logistic regression models were employed to find the relationships between these variables and different forms of violent discipline, including psychological aggression, physical punishment and any violent discipline (psychological aggression, physical punishment or both), among children in Bangladesh. The results reveal several significant associations with these disciplinary practices. Younger male children, with functional difficulties, those from urban residence and poorer households, residing in the central and southern regions of the country (Khulna, Chattogram), having primary educated mothers and belonging to the Bengali households are at higher risk of any form of violent discipline including psychological aggression, physical punishment. Significantly, our study unveils a strong correlation between any violent discipline and psychological aggression, highlighting that Bangladeshi parents predominantly employ psychological aggression as their primary mode of disciplinary practice. The findings underscore the importance of activating child protection laws and implementing continuous training programs for parents to promote positive parenting practices. To mitigate the use of violent discipline in Bangladesh, the study suggests focusing on improving parental education levels and addressing economic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:41:14Z","timestamp":1754674874000},"page":"e0329017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of violent disciplinary practices for children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2235-0861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raisa Rashid","family":"Mim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3939-1021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Shahed","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0329017.ref001","unstructured":"Straus MA, Mattingly MJ. A short form and severity level types for the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales. Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. 2007. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:16511623https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:16511623"},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.009","article-title":"Parental harsh discipline and adolescent problem behavior in China: Perceived normativeness as a moderator","volume":"86","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alampay LP. Parenting in the Philippines in parenting across cultures: childrearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures, H. Selin and P. Schvaneveldt (Eds.). The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 105\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-7503-9_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7503-9_9"},{"issue":"9977","key":"pone.0329017.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61703-7","article-title":"Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?","volume":"385","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329017.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-1105.209674","article-title":"A study of child physical abuse","volume":"38","author":"H Elsaied","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt J Psychiatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0329017.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","article-title":"The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"RE Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.018","article-title":"Paternal and maternal psychological and physical aggression and children\u2019s anxiety in China","volume":"51","author":"M Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vali M, Tuusov J, Lang K, Par K. Child abuse and the external cause of death in estonia. Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges. InTech. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/20182","DOI":"10.5772\/20182"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329017.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0250-3","article-title":"The role of race in the association between corporal punishment and externalizing problems: does punishment severity matter?","volume":"25","author":"GE Lapr\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0329017.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9924-6","article-title":"Impact of early adolescent externalizing problem behaviors on identity development in middle to late adolescence: a prospective 7-year longitudinal study","volume":"42","author":"E Crocetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref011","first-page":"193","article-title":"Parental disciplinary history, current levels of empathy, and moral reasoning in young adults","volume":"3","author":"N Lopez-Duran","year":"2001","journal-title":"North American Journal of Psychology."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329017.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002950","article-title":"Adolescent depression, adult mental health and psychosocial outcomes at 30 and 35 years","volume":"46","author":"GFH McLeod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0329017.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22777","article-title":"Adult mental health outcomes of adolescent depression: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"D Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0329017.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-021-09847-8","article-title":"Violent child discipline in the family: findings from vietnam multiple indicator cluster surveys","volume":"14","author":"NH Minh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Ind Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2009.01025.x","article-title":"Corporal punishment: mother\u2019s disciplinary behavior and child\u2019s psychological profile in Alexandria, Egypt","volume":"5","author":"MA Abolfotouh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-022-09976-8","article-title":"Child well-being in post-soviet countries: discipline practices in families in Azerbaijan","volume":"16","author":"A Huseynli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Ind Res."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104821","article-title":"Determinants of severe physical disciplinary practices against children in Egypt","volume":"111","author":"N Anwar Abdel-Fatah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.14417\/ap.2029","article-title":"The role of child, maternal and household factors in the reported use of physical punishment practices by Portuguese mothers","volume":"41","author":"T Rancheiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"AP."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref019","unstructured":"Beazley H, Bessell S, Ennew J, Waterson R. What children say: Results of comparative research on physical and emotional punishment of children in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific. 2006."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref020","unstructured":"UNICEF. Violent Discipline, Sexual Abuse and Bullying Stalk Millions of Children Worldwide. 2017. [cited 2025 Jul 29]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/turkiye\/en\/node\/1916#::text=Three"},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref021","unstructured":"Ghate D, Hazel N, Finch S. The national study of parents, children and discipline in Britain. 2003."},{"issue":"115","key":"pone.0329017.ref022","first-page":"543","article-title":"Corporal punishment of adolescents by parents: a risk factor in the epidemiology of depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, child abuse, and wife beating","volume":"29","author":"MA Straus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adolescence."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2020.101140","article-title":"Physical punishment and Colombian children and adolescents\u2019 cognitive and behavioral outcomes","volume":"68","author":"J Cuartas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref024","unstructured":"UNICEF. Child disciplinary practices at home: evidence from a range of low and middle-income countries. New York: UNICEF. 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329017.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079","article-title":"Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates","volume":"137","author":"S Hillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref026","unstructured":"UNICEF. A profile of violence against children and adolescents in the middle East and North Africa. 2018."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0329017.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/25.6.435","article-title":"Risk factors for severe child discipline practices in rural India","volume":"25","author":"WM Hunter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00632-9","article-title":"Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore","volume":"17","author":"M Sudo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref029","article-title":"Disciplining in Sri Lankan schools: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"P de Zoysa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref030","unstructured":"The Daily Observer. Corporal punishment is an outdated practice. The Daily Observer. 2024. [cited 2025 Jul 29]. Available from: https:\/\/www.observerbd.com\/news\/423401www.observerbd.com\/news\/423401"},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref031","unstructured":"Huda T. Physical and humiliating punishment of children in Bangladesh: key findings and protection gaps. 2018."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref032","unstructured":"Nahar Q, Amin S. Gender poverty and physical abuse in schools in Bangladesh. 2006. Available from: https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:40553785https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:40553785"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq168","article-title":"Child abuse in 28 developing and transitional countries\u2013results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys","volume":"40","author":"MK Akmatov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08-060061","article-title":"Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam","volume":"88","author":"HT Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref035","first-page":"30","article-title":"Parents: discipline, punishment and child abuse. A four-decade study of child-rearing attitudes and practices","volume":"100","author":"J Ritchie","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Bulletin, New Zealand Psychological Society."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0329017.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2204","article-title":"Attitudes predict the use of physical punishment: a prospective study of the emergence of disciplinary practices","volume":"117","author":"B Vittrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329017.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021891529770","article-title":"Corporal punishment by American parents: national data on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family characteristics","volume":"2","author":"MA Straus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329017.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X02023003002","article-title":"Family structure and the physical punishment of children","volume":"23","author":"G NOBES","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref039","unstructured":"De Zoysa P, Newcombe P, Rajapaksa L. The prevalence of Sri Lankan children\u2019s experience of parental physical punishment and their attitudes towards its use. 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref040","first-page":"25","article-title":"Social determinants of child abuse: evidence of factors associated with maternal abuse from the Egypt demographic and health survey","volume":"8","author":"D Antai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inj Violence Res."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.010","article-title":"Violence against children in Afghanistan: Concerns and opportunities for positive change","volume":"76","author":"P O\u2019Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0329017.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00084-2","article-title":"Children experiencing violence. II: prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools","volume":"22","author":"RM Youssef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329017.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505215","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for violent disciplinary practices at home in Viet Nam","volume":"29","author":"C Cappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104773","article-title":"The exposure of children with and without disabilities to violent parental discipline: Cross-sectional surveys in 17 middle- and low-income countries","volume":"111","author":"E Emerson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.06.020","article-title":"Child maltreatment in Nepal: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"151","author":"P Kandel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329017.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpbs.97456","article-title":"Prevalence, factors associated with physical punishment and psychological aggression towards children in Laos: results of the 2017 social indicator survey","volume":"14","author":"S Pengpid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329017.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child conflict tactics scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents","volume":"22","author":"MA Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104314","article-title":"Effect of gender on childhood maltreatment in the state of Qatar: Retrospective study","volume":"101","author":"M Salem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6044-y","article-title":"Establishing the international prevalence of self-reported child maltreatment: a systematic review by maltreatment type and gender","volume":"18","author":"G Moody","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329017.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcpeng.2019.01.002","article-title":"Child abuse, gender differences and their clinical and criminological implications in incarcerated individuals","volume":"49","author":"M Vallejos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatr\u00eda (English ed)."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329017.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.02.010","article-title":"To unfold a hidden epidemic: prevalence of child maltreatment and its health implications among high school students in Guangzhou, China","volume":"33","author":"WCW Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329017.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00244-1","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of reported cases of child physical abuse in Zimbabwean primary schools","volume":"25","author":"A Shumba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim E, Cheung HS, Fu CSL, Chan KMY, Choo C. Parents\u2019 disciplinary practices and attitudes towards physical punishment: a latent class analysis. Center for Open Science. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/hwtnr","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/hwtnr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329017.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01426-4","article-title":"Corporal punishment: current rates from a national survey","volume":"28","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329017.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559508326286","article-title":"Child maltreatment among Asian Americans: characteristics and explanatory framework","volume":"14","author":"Z Fuhua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Maltreat."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0329017.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00010-6","article-title":"The rate of physical child abuse in Chinese families: a community survey in Hong Kong","volume":"22","author":"CS Tang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref057","unstructured":"El-Zanaty. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014 . 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329017.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.06.004","article-title":"Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms","volume":"28","author":"S Sebre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329017.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00248-4","article-title":"The factors of child physical abuse in Korean immigrant families","volume":"25","author":"MS Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref060","unstructured":"Naved RT, et al. Men\u2019s attitudes and practices regarding gender and violence against women in Bangladesh: Preliminary findings. Dhaka: icddrb. 2011."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0329017.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.001","article-title":"Individual, familial and community determinants of child physical abuse among high-school students in China","volume":"68","author":"WCW Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref062","unstructured":"UNICEF, Ministry of Women and Children Affairs. Opinions of children of Bangladesh on corporal punishment: Children\u2019s opinion poll 2008 . Dhaka: UNICEF. 2009."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.08.022","article-title":"Manifestations of socioeconomic status and its association with physical child punishment- Results from the Multi-Indicators Cluster Survey in Viet Nam 2006 -2014","volume":"85","author":"S Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref064","unstructured":"GIEACP. Bangladesh 2011 Supreme Court judgment. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/human-rights-law\/national-high-level-court-judgments\/bangladesh-2011-supreme-court-judgment\/https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/human-rights-law\/national-high-level-court-judgments\/bangladesh-2011-supreme-court-judgment\/."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref065","unstructured":"Chowdhury N. Role of Bangladesh human rights commission in ending corporal punishment in educational settings. Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust (BLAST). 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.blast.org.bd\/content\/publications\/role-of-bd-NHRCECP-in-edu.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref066","first-page":"33","article-title":"Corporal punishment in Bangladesh school system: an analytical appraisal of elimination strategy directions","volume":"6","author":"H Mohiuddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASA University Review."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref067","unstructured":"Goswami H, Khalil MI, Banik BK. Children\u2019s worlds national report Bangladesh. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/isciweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Bangladesh-National-Report-Wave-3.pdfhttps:\/\/isciweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Bangladesh-National-Report-Wave-3.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref068","unstructured":"Progotir P, Pathey B. Multiple indicator cluster survey 2015, survey findings report. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 2015."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref069","unstructured":"Sakin J. Teachers\u2019 opinion to prevent the practice of corporal punishment in schools. 2021."},{"key":"pone.0329017.ref070","unstructured":"UNCRC. Convention on the rights of the child online. 1989. Available from: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-rights-childhttps:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-rights-child"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:41:23Z","timestamp":1754674883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329017"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yordanis","family":"Enr\u00edquez Canto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}}}