{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T19:34:39Z","timestamp":1772480079523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GRK2739\/1; Project Nr. 447089431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2739\/1; Project Nr. 447089431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GRK2739\/1; Project Nr. 447089431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2739\/1; Project Nr. 447089431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the factors that promote cooperative behavior in teams is essential for organizational success. While the role of verbal communication in fostering cooperation and team cohesion is well established, the impact of nonverbal signals, particularly eye contact and related patterns, known as social gaze dynamics, has been neglected. In this study, we conducted a multiparty eye-tracking experiment, enabling us to explore the relationship between social gaze, cooperation, and team cohesion. In particular, teams of three participants engaged in a two-stage task: a structured pre-play communication stage (1) and a social dilemma game (2). During pre-play communication, eye-tracked participants performed a real-effort task mirroring the ensuing social dilemma. This allowed us to capture social gaze dynamics and assess their relation to subsequent cooperation and team cohesion. Specifically, we compared the emergence and impact of attentional reciprocity between face-to-face and video meeting settings and provided initial evidence that the extent to which direct gaze is reciprocated within teams influences subsequent cooperative behavior. Overall, our findings highlight potential downsides of increasingly shifting team meetings to the virtual space, where the absence of gaze information affects the emergence and impact of social gaze dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T18:29:01Z","timestamp":1772476141000},"page":"e0329060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social gaze dynamics in teams: Comparing face-to-face and video meeting settings"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-6749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petra","family":"Nieken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4992-7918","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom F.","family":"Reuscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0329060.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030939","article-title":"Trust, conflict, and cooperation: a meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"D Balliet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329060.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3901","article-title":"Team Incentives, Social Cohesion, and Performance: A Natural Field Experiment","volume":"68","author":"J Delfgaauw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329060.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.541","article-title":"Social Preferences, Beliefs, and the Dynamics of Free Riding in Public Goods Experiments","volume":"100","author":"U Fischbacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329060.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2012.11.003","article-title":"The psychology of social dilemmas: A review","volume":"120","author":"PAM Van Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329060.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002709352443","article-title":"Communication and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"54","author":"D Balliet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329060.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/1043463195007001004","article-title":"Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas","volume":"7","author":"D Sally","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rationality and Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0329060.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00025-7","article-title":"The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze","volume":"24","author":"NJ Emery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0329060.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.017","article-title":"From gaze cueing to dual eye-tracking: novel approaches to investigate the neural correlates of gaze in social interaction","volume":"37","author":"UJ Pfeiffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329060.ref009","first-page":"314","article-title":"Productivity under group incentives: an experimental study","volume":"87","author":"HR Nalbantian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"pone.0329060.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2022.07.006","article-title":"Strategic incentives undermine gaze as a signal of prosocial motives","volume":"136","author":"U Fischbacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329060.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-020-09655-x","article-title":"Strategic gaze: an interactive eye-tracking study","volume":"24","author":"J Hausfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329060.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-014-9412-1","article-title":"One bad apple? 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