{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:09:23Z","timestamp":1788260963166,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global prevalence and trends of gynecological diseases (GDs) among women of childbearing age (WCBA) remain unclear and may be underestimated. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GDs at global, regional, and national levels and assess changes from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on the annual prevalence of major GDs, including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), female infertility, endometriosis, genital prolapse, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and other GDs, were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. The study analyzed women aged 15\u201349 years across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) in the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) were calculated to quantify temporal trends, by age and socio-demographic index (SDI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, the global prevalence of GDs among WCBA was estimated at 1.21 billion cases, corresponding to a ASPR of 62,091.73 cases per 100,000 population (95% UI: 62,088.24 to 62,095.23). While the ASPR for GDs remained stable from 1990 to 2021 (EAPC\u2009=\u20090% [95% CI: \u20130.03 to 0.02]), the number of prevalent cases doubled over the same period. In 2021, the most prevalent GD globally was PMS, followed by uterine fibroids, PCOS, and female infertility. Conditions such as uterine fibroids, PCOS, and female infertility showed a significant upward trend in ASPR over time. Additionally, the ASPR of most GDs generally decreased with rising SDI, except for PCOS, which exhibited an increasing trend with higher SDI. The prevalence of GDs also increased with age, peaking in the 40\u201344 years age group. However, a shift in the burden of GDs toward younger women was observed, with significant increases in prevalence rates for uterine fibroids, PCOS, female infertility, and PMS in women aged 20\u201329 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GDs among WCBA remain a global concern, underscoring the urgent need for targeted interventions, especially for younger populations and in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. Prioritizing early intervention, addressing environmental risk factors, and removing barriers to healthcare access will mitigate the long-term impact of these conditions on women\u2019s health and overall well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:22:12Z","timestamp":1754068932000},"page":"e0329336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Global, regional, and national prevalence and trends of gynecological diseases among women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-3078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10440","key":"pone.0329336.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10276","key":"pone.0329336.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00389-5","article-title":"Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease: clinical challenges and novel innovations","volume":"397","author":"HS Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329336.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.031","article-title":"The burden of uterine fibroids: a search for primary and secondary prevention","volume":"111","author":"QE Harmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329336.ref004","article-title":"Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"CM Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0329336.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.06.022","article-title":"The global burden of gynecological diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"67","author":"Y Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"10460","key":"pone.0329336.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02179-2","article-title":"Endometriosis: addressing the roots of slow progress","volume":"404","author":"The Lancet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329336.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv044","article-title":"Infertility and reproductive disorders: impact of hormonal and inflammatory mechanisms on pregnancy outcome","volume":"22","author":"S Vannuccini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329336.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12433","article-title":"Effects of social norms and message framing on reducing the stigma of gynecological diseases: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model","volume":"15","author":"Y Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329336.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254124","article-title":"Where does the money go to? 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