{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:15:24Z","timestamp":1792005324670,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Iron and folic acid deficiency is a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation (IFAS) remains low in Kenya. Despite several studies on IFAS adherence in Kenya, they do not assess the national scope and clustering effects using advanced analytical models. Therefore, we aimed to assess IFAS adherence and its associated factors among pregnant women in Kenya using data from the 2022 Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, which was obtained from the official Demographic and Health Survey program database. Weighted samples of 8,460 participants were used in the analysis. The study employed a multivariable multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model. Variables from the bi-variable model that had p\u2009&lt;\u20090.25 were considered in the multivariable analysis. Variables with a p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 were considered statistically significant in the multivariable model, and the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with its 95% CI was reported.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of IFAS among pregnant women in Kenya was 61.72% (95% CI: 60.68, 62.75). Women aged 20\u201339 years were 1.3 to 1.7 times more likely to adhere to IFAS during pregnancy, with the likelihood increasing steadily by age group. Moreover, primigravida [aOR = 1.22 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.41)], with a family size of \u2265 10 [aOR = 0.72 (95% CI 0.59, 0.90)], antenatal care visits\u2009\u2265\u20094 [aOR = 3.96 (95% CI: 1.91, 8.23)], first start of antenatal care at the third trimester of pregnancy [aOR = 0.30 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.62)], and with a higher level of education [aOR = 1.6 (95% CI: 1.35, 1.90)] were statistically significant factors associated with adherence to IFAS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion and recommendation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nearly two in five pregnant women didn\u2019t receive IFAS for the recommended periods. Factors such as maternal age, parity, antenatal visits, and education enhanced IFAS adherence, whereas large family size and starting antenatal care in the third trimester of pregnancy reduced adherence. Therefore, the community, government, and non-governmental organizations should enhance adherence by implementing customized interventions on the factors identified as positive and negative associations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1754069005000},"page":"e0329458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation and its associated factors among pregnant women in Kenya: A multilevel data analysis of the 2022 Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9451-2128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gebrie Getu","family":"Alemu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-4953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dagnew Getnet","family":"Adugna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amare","family":"Mesfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muluken Chanie","family":"Agimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemlem Daniel","family":"Baffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-7612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Habtamu Wagnew","family":"Abuhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-6435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mekuriaw Nibret","family":"Aweke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tewodros Getaneh","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nebebe Demis","family":"Baykemagn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000825","article-title":"Adherence to iron and folate supplementation and associated factors among women attending antenatal care in public health facilities at Covid-19 pandemic in Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"AA Tefera","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahati F. Determinants of adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy among mothers seeking maternal and child healthcare 0-6 months post-delivery at Kakamega County Referral Hospital: JKUAT-COHES. 2022.","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16699.2"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005: WHO global database on anaemia. 2008."},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Developing and validating an iron and folic acid supplementation indicator for tracking progress towards global nutrition monitoring framework targets. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/274372\/9789241514637-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S111","article-title":"A high prevalence of biochemical evidence of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency does not translate into a comparable prevalence of anemia","volume":"29","author":"J Metz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0329458.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.9864","article-title":"Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"330","author":"M Viswanathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0329458.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000769956X","article-title":"Iron supplement use among Danish pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"VK Knudsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329458.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00186.x","article-title":"Iron supplementation during pregnancy in Sweden: to what extent is the national recommendation followed?","volume":"82","author":"M Wulff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref009","author":"LN Gathigi","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329458.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2013000300016","article-title":"Iron supplementation among pregnant women: results from a population-based survey study","volume":"16","author":"JA Cesar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i1.39","article-title":"Compliance with iron-folic acid (IFA) therapy among pregnant women in an urban area of south India","volume":"14","author":"P Mithra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0329458.ref012","article-title":"Adherence to Iron Supplementation in 22 Sub-Saharan African Countries and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women: A Large Population-Based Study","volume":"3","author":"DM Ba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329458.ref013","article-title":"Compliance with Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (IFAS) and associated factors among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"MB Fite","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0848-9","article-title":"Adherence of iron and folic acid supplementation and determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"M Desta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2835-0","article-title":"Adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"FW Sendeku","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348275","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1348275","article-title":"Iron folic acid supplementation adherence level and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a multilevel complex data analysis of 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey data","volume":"11","author":"H Temesgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1210-7","article-title":"Differences in spatial distributions of iron supplementation use among pregnant women and associated factors in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2011 national population based survey","volume":"17","author":"D Haile","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-607","article-title":"Coverage, compliance and factors associated with utilization of iron supplementation during pregnancy in eight rural districts of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"S Gebremedhin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogundipe O, Hoyo C, \u00d8stbye T, Oneko O, Manongi R, Lie RT, et al. Factors associated with prenatal folic acid and iron supplementation among 21,889 pregnant women in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional hospital-based study. 2012;12:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-481"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Daily iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/elena\/interventions\/daily-iron-pregnancy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007781","article-title":"World Health Organization. Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition. Geneva, Switzerland, 2014","volume":"6","author":"S McGuire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref022","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of anemia and its causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019","volume":"4","author":"W Gardner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Develop Nutrit"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Anaemia WHO Fact sheet 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ANAEMIA"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref024","unstructured":"Ministry of Health RoK. National Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Communication Strategy, Nairobi, Kenya: Government of Kenya. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.advancingnutrition.org\/sites\/default\/files\/202103\/tagged_ifas_national_comunication_strategy_2013-2017.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329458.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250560","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in East Africa; A multi-level analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys","volume":"16","author":"AM Liyew","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref026","unstructured":"Obeagu EI, Abdi AA, Uche FO, Ngwoke AO, Danchal CV, Obeagu GU, et al. Anaemia among pregnant women: a review in Africa. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00669-2","article-title":"Spatial distribution and determinants of iron supplementation among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis","volume":"79","author":"CD Agegnehu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0329458.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061900","article-title":"Geographical disparities and determinants of adherence to iron folate supplementation among pregnant women in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis of the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey of 2019","volume":"12","author":"SS Mulugeta","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1716-2","article-title":"Magnitude and factors associated with adherence to Iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women in Eritrean refugee camps, northern Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"M Getachew","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786388231218664","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388231218664","article-title":"Adherence to Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Among Pregnant Women From Northern Ghana","volume":"17","author":"H Seidu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref031","volume-title":"WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience: summary: highlights and key messages from the World Health Organization\u2019s 2016 global recommendations for routine antenatal care","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref032","volume-title":"Kenya maps and facts, 2025","author":"World Atlas"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref033","unstructured":"Worldometer. Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects. 2025."},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref034","unstructured":"KNBS, ICF. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022 Key Indicators Report, Nairobi, Kenya, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: KNBS and ICF. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/PR143\/PR143.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref035","unstructured":"World Bank. How does infrastructure contribute to health service delivery in Kenya? Available from: https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/transport\/how-does-infrastructure-contribute-health-service-deliverykenya#:~:text=To%20improve%20our%20understanding%20of%20this%20issue%2C%20a,between%20infrastructure%20and%20the%20provision%20of%20health%20services2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329458.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.26502\/fjwhd.2644-288400118","article-title":"Sub-national disparities in indicators of maternal mortality in Kenya: insights from demographic health surveys towards attaining SDG 3","volume":"7","author":"HM Mwaura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Women Health Develop"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329458.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.029520","article-title":"HIV testing in national population-based surveys: experience from the Demographic and Health Surveys","volume":"84","author":"V Mishra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref038","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Daily iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/elena\/interventions\/daily-iron-pregnancy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49748-0","article-title":"Minimum meal frequency practice and associated factors among children aged 6\u201323 months old in The Gambia: a multilevel mixed effect analysis","volume":"13","author":"B Terefe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0329458.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0900","article-title":"Multilevel Analysis of Factors Associated with Treatment-Seeking Behaviors among Caregivers with Febrile Children in Malawi","volume":"100","author":"O Nkoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329458.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306646","article-title":"Spatial distribution of inadequate meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: Multilevel and spatial analysis","volume":"19","author":"TK Tesfie","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0329458.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242499","article-title":"Spatial pattern of perinatal mortality and its determinants in Ethiopia: Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016","volume":"15","author":"TA Yadeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169415","article-title":"High Adherence to Iron\/Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy Time among Antenatal and Postnatal Care Attendant Mothers in Governmental Health Centers in Akaki Kality Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Hierarchical Negative Binomial Poisson Regression","volume":"12","author":"B Gebreamlak","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5437-2","article-title":"Compliance with iron and folic acid supplementation (IFAS) and associated factors among pregnant women: results from a cross-sectional study in Kiambu County, Kenya","volume":"18","author":"MW Kamau","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2422-4","article-title":"Magnitude and factors associated with adherence to Iron and folic acid supplementation among pregnant women in Aykel town, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"H Assefa","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127245","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3127245","article-title":"Adherence to Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Kasulu Communities in North-Western Tanzania","volume":"2020","author":"WB Lyoba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Med"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-020-00120-6","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with compliance to iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnancy in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana","volume":"45","author":"A Wemakor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrire"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4936080","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4936080","article-title":"Women\u2019s Awareness and Associated Factors on Preconception Folic Acid Supplementation in Adet, Northwestern Ethiopia, 2016: Implication of Reproductive Health","volume":"2018","author":"YA Goshu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"308","key":"pone.0329458.ref049","article-title":"Timing of first antenatal care visit and associated factors among pregnant women attending anatal clinics in Halaba Kulito governmental health institutions, 2015","volume":"5","author":"M Kondale","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Women Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2738-0","article-title":"Factors associated with the timing of antenatal clinic attendance among first-time mothers in rural southern Ghana","volume":"20","author":"AK Manyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref051","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with antenatal care seeking and adherence to recommended iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women in Zinder, Niger","author":"K Begum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20191402","article-title":"Assessment of compliance with iron-folic acid therapy during pregnancy among postnatal mothers in a tertiary care centre, Mysuru","volume":"6","author":"K Manasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref053","unstructured":"USAID. Cross-country Comparison of Anemia Prevalence, Reach, and Use of Antenatal Care and Anemia Reduction Interventions. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www.advancingnutrition.org\/sites\/default\/files\/202103\/Progress_Reducing_Anemia_Women_2011.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.43.4894","article-title":"Factors associated with compliance of prenatal iron folate supplementation among women in Mecha district, Western Amhara: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"B Taye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-498","article-title":"Antenatal iron and folic acid supplementation use by pregnant women in Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"7","author":"H Abdullahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i1.39","article-title":"Compliance with iron-folic acid (IFA) therapy among pregnant women in an urban area of south India","volume":"14","author":"P Mithra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329458.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2013000300016","article-title":"Iron supplementation among pregnant women: results from a population-based survey study","volume":"16","author":"JA Cesar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329458.ref058","article-title":"Compliance with iron and folic acid supplements among pregnant women attending tertiary care hospital in the district of Peshawar","volume":"17","author":"M Ummair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22005-x","article-title":"Determinants of compliance with iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant mothers in Bule Hora district, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study","volume":"25","author":"RT Merga","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0329458.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_721_20","article-title":"Adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation among antenatal mothers attending a tertiary care center, Puducherry: A mixed-methods study","volume":"9","author":"P Lavanya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebremariam ADG, Tiruneh SA, Abate BA, Engidaw MT, Asnakew DTA. Adherence to iron with folic acid supplementation and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow up at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Ethiopia, 2017. 2019.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210086"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4045-2","article-title":"Factors associated with adherence to iron folate supplementation among pregnant women in West Dembia district, northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"T Molla","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-019-0356-y","article-title":"Antenatal care and mothers\u2019 education improved iron-folic acid adherence at Denbiya district health centers, Northwest Ethiopia: using pills count method","volume":"77","author":"M Tarekegn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3433-3","article-title":"Compliance to iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnancy, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"TM Birhanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329458.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210086","article-title":"Adherence to iron with folic acid supplementation and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow up at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Ethiopia, 2017","volume":"14","author":"AD Gebremariam","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329458.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/ajmw.2020.0023","article-title":"Timing and factors associated with early antenatal visits among pregnant women in west Gojjam, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"AG Alene","year":"2021","journal-title":"African J Midwifery Women Health"},{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0329458.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2017.71005","article-title":"Determinants of Iron Consumption among Pregnant Women in Southern Senegal","volume":"07","author":"K Niang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0329458.ref068","first-page":"386","article-title":"Socio-economic determinants of adherence to iron and folic acid tablets among rural ante-natal mothers in Lucknow, India","volume":"4","author":"MP Roy","year":"2013","journal-title":"National J Commun Med"},{"key":"pone.0329458.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-305","article-title":"Factors associated with non-use of antenatal iron and folic acid supplements among Pakistani women: a cross sectional household survey","volume":"14","author":"YB Nisar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:23:37Z","timestamp":1754069017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329458"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kanchan","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329458","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}