{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T19:34:19Z","timestamp":1774294459291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82460215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yinchuan Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2024SF006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF006"]}]},{"name":"Ningxia Medical University school-level scientific research project","award":["XY2024058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XY2024058"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025GZRYSY006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GZRYSY006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the variants in 18 disease-causing genes associated with nonsyndromic myopia in 83 Chinese individuals diagnosed with early-onset high myopia(eo-HM).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Variants in 18 candidate genes in 83 probands with eo-HM were distinguished by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and assessed by multistep bioinformatics analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Four likely pathogenic variants were detected in 4 of the 83 probands (4.8%) with eo-HM. All of these are missense variants, such as (NM_014452: c.443C\u2009&gt;\u2009T) in <jats:italic>TNFRSF21<\/jats:italic>, (NM_013291: c.799C\u2009&gt;\u2009G) in <jats:italic>CPSF1<\/jats:italic>, (NM_201269.3: c.3266A\u2009&gt;\u2009G) in <jats:italic>ZNF644<\/jats:italic>, and (NM_001135195: c.577G\u2009&gt;\u2009A) in <jats:italic>SLC39A5<\/jats:italic>. These variants were verified by Sanger sequencing, and all allele frequencies were less than 0.01 in the 1000G, ExAC, ESP6500, and gnomAD databases. In addition, the pathogenicity of these variants was determined using several computational tools including SIFT, Mutation Taster, Polyphen-2, PROVEAN, M-CAP, CADD, and DANN. However, it should be noted that the Tyr1089Cys variant was classified as neutral solely using PROVEAN.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings support the hypothesis that the variants observed in <jats:italic>TNFRSF21, CPSF1, ZNF644,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SLC39A5<\/jats:italic> are the causative genes of eo-HM and expand the spectrum of eo-HM variants observed across various ethnic groups. The dissemination of knowledge on the impact of <jats:italic>TNFRSF21, CPSF1, ZNF644,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SLC39A5<\/jats:italic> on eo-HM is under investigation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T17:31:38Z","timestamp":1757352698000},"page":"e0329472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["18 individual genes underwent variant screening in a northwest Chinese group comprised 83 probands diagnosed with early-onset high myopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Qi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Xuan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun-Yu","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Li","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-3085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen-Juan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329472.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06101-5","article-title":"Insights into artificial intelligence in myopia management: from a data perspective","volume":"262","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329472.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/17427665231186934","article-title":"Reporting civilizational collapse: Research notes from a world-in-crisis","volume":"19","author":"S Cottle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Media Commun"},{"key":"pone.0329472.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu J, Shi H, Yao J. 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