{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:16:09Z","timestamp":1791288969272,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002385","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UM\/02\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UM\/02\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotics are gaining attention for their benefits as a supplement to improve oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the probiotic <jats:italic><jats:italic>Lactobacillus helveticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> against <jats:italic><jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, a significant pathogen in periodontal diseases. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed using the well diffusion assay, with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) served as the positive control. Biofilm biomass was evaluated using crystal violet staining. Cell viability in <jats:italic><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> treated with <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. helveticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> was determined using the LIVE\/DEAD Baclight bacterial assay via fluorescence microscopy. Ultra-morphological alterations in these cells were further examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results indicated that <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. helveticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> significantly reduced the growth of <jats:italic><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>. The highest concentration of 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> cells\/mL achieved the most substantial inhibition in the well diffusion assay, followed by concentrations of 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> cells\/mL and 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> cells\/mL, which demonstrated a clear dose-dependent response. Furthermore, biofilms of <jats:italic><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> treated with <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. helveticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> exhibited a notable biomass reduction of up to 85% at the highest concentrations. LIVE\/DEAD staining confirmed a decreased in cell viability among the treated populations, while FESEM analysis revealed morphological disruptions in <jats:italic><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> cells treated with <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. helveticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>. These findings suggest that <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. helveticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> has a potent antibacterial effect against <jats:italic><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, highlighting the need for further research to identify the optimal probiotic strategies that could enhance periodontal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:22:15Z","timestamp":1754673735000},"page":"e0329497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In vitro study of probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus: Antibacterial effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Husna Hazirah","family":"Bakri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syarifah Nur","family":"Syed Abdul 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