{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:31:57Z","timestamp":1790962317292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nThough early intervention saves many lives worldwide, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer among women in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate community-based interventions promoting breast self-examination using the Health Belief Model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nA cluster randomized controlled trial followed by a cross-sectional study lasting six months was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the community-based educational intervention on breast self-examination among reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia. A total of 810 participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio and assessed at baseline, three months, and six months post-intervention. A general linear model for repeated measures was used to examine the mean differences in study variables across time points. Non-parametric tests (Cochran\u2019s Q) were employed to analyze dichotomous variables related to breast self-examination practices. Path analysis was conducted to examine the interactions among the constructs of the Health Belief Model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nA total of 810 reproductive-aged women participated in the study, yielding a 100% response rate at baseline. The mean age of participants was 33.2\u2009\u00b1\u20097.7 years in the intervention group and 33.5\u2009\u00b1\u20098.1 years in the control group. The proportion of women performing breast self-examinations increased from 33.3% at baseline to 59.9% at the end of the intervention. And the Comprehensive knowledge about breast self-examination rose from 11.7% to 69.1% over the same period. Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, knowledge, and health motivations had a statistically significant mean difference between the intervention and control groups (p\u2009<\u20090.0001). We registered PACTR database (https:\/\/pactr.samrc.ac.za\/<\/jats:ext-link>): \u201cPACTR201802002902886\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nThe study found that there is a strong interplay between the likelihood of performing breast self-examination and perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, knowledge, and health motivations. Field specialists should figure out the problem related to perception and awareness through intensive health promotion interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nTrial registration<\/jats:title>\nRegistered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (www.pactr.org<\/jats:ext-link>) database, and the unique identification number for the registry is PACTR201802002902886.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T17:27:59Z","timestamp":1754587679000},"page":"e0329839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Designing and evaluation of the effect of community-based intervention on breast self-examination among reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled 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