{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:58:50Z","timestamp":1792907930731,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o para a Ci\u00c3\u00aancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Aperfei\u00c3\u00a7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00c3vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIBICT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBICT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Murph workout, one of the most challenging CrossFit\u00ae workouts, demands endurance and high intensity. This WOD (Workout of the Day) includes a 1-mile run, 100 pull-ups, 200 push-ups, 300 air squats, and another 1-mile run, typically performed while wearing a weighted vest. Due to its high physical demands, athletes commonly experience Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), characterized by increased sensitivity, fatigue, and reduced muscle function. To minimize these effects and ensure proper recovery, it is essential to adopt strategies that restore muscle function, reduce pain, and allow athletes to return to training without an elevated risk of injury. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of massage therapy (MAS) or cold-water immersion (CWI) as a recovery intervention for DOMS in athletes following high-intensity physical activity during the CrossFit\u00ae Murph workout. For this purpose, thirty individuals with a minimum of six months of CrossFit\u00ae experience and familiarity with all exercises used in the study were recruited. Pain assessment questionnaires, including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the A-DOM questionnaire, along with a socioeconomic questionnaire, were administered before and after WOD. Additionally, pain assessments were conducted using algometry and thermographic imaging. After completing the WOD, participants were randomly assigned to one of two recovery interventions: MAS or CWI. The study results highlight the differential impacts of CWI and MAS on pain management and recovery dynamics following structured exercise. Our findings clearly demonstrate that CWI significantly reduces pain prevalence, both at rest and during exercise, as evidenced by the absence of pain reports from participants 48 hours after the intervention. While our study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of CWI and MAS for post-exercise recovery, limitations such as the non-blinded study design and small sample size may influence the generalizability of the findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T17:29:31Z","timestamp":1755106171000},"page":"e0329892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effectiveness of cold-water immersion vs. massage in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness and enhancing recovery following CrossFit\u00ae Murph Workout: Randomized rial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gabrielly Santos","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana Eduarda","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais Helena Martins Faria","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6546-9090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cissa Maria Ribeiro","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josie Resende","family":"Torres da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5523-5910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcelo Louren\u00e7o","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano Maia","family":"Alves Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329892.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8070092","article-title":"Physiological Predictors of Performance on the CrossFit \u201cMurph\u201d Challenge","volume":"8","author":"JD Carreker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0329892.ref002","first-page":"604","article-title":"Perceived demands and postexercise physical dysfunction in CrossFit\u00ae compared to an ACSM based training session","volume":"57","author":"SN Drum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0329892.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636090-00005","article-title":"Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help?","volume":"36","author":"A Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0329892.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00403","article-title":"An Evidence-Based Approach for Choosing Post-exercise Recovery Techniques to Reduce Markers of Muscle Damage, Soreness, Fatigue, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"O Dupuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0329892.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.03.007","article-title":"Recovery after exercise: what is the current state of play?","volume":"10","author":"JM Peake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329892.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0420-x","article-title":"Massage and Performance Recovery: A Meta-Analytical Review","volume":"46","author":"W Poppendieck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329892.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01800-1","article-title":"Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression","volume":"53","author":"E Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329892.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0431-7","article-title":"Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"AF Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0329892.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139028","article-title":"The Effect of Post-Exercise Cryotherapy on Recovery Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"E Hohenauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329892.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01644-9","article-title":"Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regression","volume":"52","author":"E Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0329892.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660291","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.660291","article-title":"Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Training and the Underlying Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review","volume":"3","author":"AC Petersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329892.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-015-9261-3","article-title":"Alternative treatments for muscle injury: massage, cryotherapy, and hyperbaric oxygen","volume":"8","author":"PM Tiidus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0329892.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11060110","article-title":"The Effects of Massage Therapy on Sport and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"M Daki\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0329892.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432009","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1432009","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of cold water immersion and percussive massage on the recovery after exhausting eccentric exercise: A three-armed randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"L Heinke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329892.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9070098","article-title":"Local Muscle Endurance and Strength Had Strong Relationship with CrossFit\u00ae Open 2020 in Amateur Athletes","volume":"9","author":"RA Tibana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329892.ref016","first-page":"505","article-title":"Validation of brief pain inventory to Brazilian patients with pain","volume":"19","author":"KA Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0329892.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1590\/1517-869220162205161347","article-title":"Question\u00e1rio para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da dor musculoesquel\u00e9tica em praticantes de exerc\u00edcio (Q-ADOM)","volume":"22","author":"DP Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0329892.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.014","article-title":"Cut-off points for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the visual analogue scale for pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"155","author":"AM Boonstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"59","key":"pone.0329892.ref019","first-page":"3551","article-title":"The use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness","author":"HH Al-Nakhli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0329892.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.067272","article-title":"Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow","volume":"45","author":"J Vaile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329892.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272881","article-title":"The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise","volume":"595","author":"JM Peake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329892.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0420-x","article-title":"Massage and Performance Recovery: A Meta-Analytical Review","volume":"46","author":"W Poppendieck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0329892.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01800-1","article-title":"Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression","volume":"53","author":"E Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0329892.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086283","article-title":"Cold water immersion: kill or cure?","volume":"102","author":"MJ Tipton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"119","key":"pone.0329892.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002882","article-title":"Massage therapy attenuates inflammatory signaling after exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"4","author":"JD Crane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329892","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T17:29:35Z","timestamp":1755106175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329892"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aynollah","family":"Naderi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329892","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}