{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:28:47Z","timestamp":1786559327139,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017475","name":"General Sir John Monash Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003343","name":"Cambridge Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022011","name":"Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C9545\/A29580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C9545\/A29580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/X037770\/1 and EP\/R003599\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X037770\/1 and EP\/R003599\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nailfold capillaroscopy enables visualisation of structural abnormalities in the microvasculature of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The objective of this feasibility study was to determine whether multispectral imaging could provide functional assessment (differences in haemoglobin concentration or oxygenation) of capillaries to aid discrimination between healthy controls and patients with SSc. MSI of nailfold capillaries visualizes the smallest blood vessels and the impact of SSc on angiogenesis and their deformation, making it suitable for evaluating oxygenation-sensitive imaging techniques. Imaging of the nailfold capillaries offers tissue-specific oxygenation information, unlike pulse oximetry, which measures arterial blood oxygenation as a single-point measurement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CAPoxy study was a single-centre, cross-sectional, feasibility study of nailfold capillary multispectral imaging, comparing a cohort of patients with SSc to controls. A nine-band multispectral camera was used to image 22 individuals (10 patients with SSc and 12 controls). Linear mixed-effects models and summary statistics were used to compare the different regions of the nailfold (capillaries, surrounding edges, and outside area) between SSc and controls. A machine learning model was used to compare the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with SSc exhibited higher indicators of haemoglobin concentration in the capillary and adjacent regions compared to controls, which were significant in the regions surrounding the capillaries (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There were also spectral differences between the SSc and controls groups that could indicate differences in oxygenation of the capillaries and surrounding tissue. Additionally, an exploratory machine learning model distinguished SSc patients from healthy controls with 84% accuracy; these findings serve as a proof-of-concept for future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data indicates that multispectral imaging differentiates between patients with SSc from controls based on differences in vascular function. Further work to develop a targeted spectral camera would further improve the contrast between patients with SSc and controls, enabling better imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:40:52Z","timestamp":1786556452000},"page":"e0329913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CAPoxy: A feasibility study to investigate multispectral imaging in nailfold capillaroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3279-2674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michaela","family":"Taylor-Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irsa","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-2721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Graham","family":"Dinsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Berks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Porcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-8635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Bohndiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0329913.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345673","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5345673","article-title":"Angiogenesis dysregulation in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"2017","author":"FP Cantatore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329913.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-02990-3","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging in systemic sclerosis-associated Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"25","author":"S Teaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0329913.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00952-w","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1) as a biomarker for changes in microcirculation in individuals with systemic sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"M Maciejewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"08","key":"pone.0329913.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.27.8.080901","article-title":"Noninvasive hemoglobin sensing and imaging: optical tools for disease diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"M Taylor-Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0329913.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2598","article-title":"Hypoxia. 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