{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:20:45Z","timestamp":1774290045955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Domestic violence against women remains a public health and socio-economic burden in Cambodia, with only slow declines over the past two decades. This study examined how digital access, media exposure, motorcycle ownership, and partners\u2019 alcohol use are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), defined as the experience of any sexual, physical, or emotional violence by a current or former partner within the past 12 months, adjusted for socio-demographic factors. A cross-sectional analysis of 5,780 weighted women aged 15\u201349 from the 2021\u20132022 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey. IPV was regressed on mobile phone ownership, internet use, media exposure, motorcycle ownership, and partners\u2019 alcohol use using survey-adjusted multivariable logistic models. Overall, 13.2% of women reported experiencing IPV in the past year, specifically emotional violence (12.2%), physical violence (4.4%), and sexual violence (1.9%). Smartphone ownership was associated with lower odds of emotional violence (AOR\u2009=\u20090.7; 95% CI 0.5\u20130.9) and IPV (AOR\u2009=\u20090.7; 95% CI: 0.5\u20131.0), whereas low-frequency internet use predicted higher odds of emotional violence (AOR\u2009=\u20091.7; 95% CI: 1.1\u20132.7) and IPV (AOR\u2009=\u20091.6; 95% CI: 1.1\u20132.5). Partner alcohol use was a strong risk factor for IPV (AOR\u2009=\u20093.0; 95% CI: 2.1\u20134.1 and all forms: sexual (AOR\u2009=\u20093.5; 95% CI: 1.1\u201311.4), physical (AOR\u2009=\u20095.6; 95% CI: 2.8\u201311.5), and emotional (AOR\u2009=\u20093.1; 95% CI: 2.2\u20134.4). Women in wealthier households had significantly lower odds of IPV (AOR\u2009=\u20090.6; 95% CI: 0.5\u20130.8), and specifically, physical violence (AOR\u2009=\u20090.4; 95% CI: 0.3\u20130.7). These findings highlight the dual role of digital inclusion\u2014smartphones may enhance women\u2019s protection, while limited or monitored internet access could heighten risk. Policies should be formulated to prioritize safe and private digital access, integrate gender-sensitive digital literacy, and strengthen alcohol control, and women\u2019s economic empowerment within Cambodia\u2019s National Action Plan to Prevent Violence Against Women 2019\u20132023 and forthcoming 2024\u20132030 framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:23:13Z","timestamp":1774286593000},"page":"e0329981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of domestic violence against women in Cambodia: How digital access, media exposure, motorcycle ownership, and partners\u2019 alcohol use matter"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1521-1260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samnang","family":"Um","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sopheap","family":"Suong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantrea","family":"Sieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5933-9328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sovandara","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Marie Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sothy","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0329981.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0329981.ref002","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in 46 low-income and middle-income countries: An appraisal of the most vulnerable groups of women using national health surveys","volume":"5","author":"CVN Coll","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0329981.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047388","article-title":"Gender inequality and the double burden of disease in low-income and middle-income countries: an ecological study","volume":"11","author":"M van der Ham","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0329981.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293295","article-title":"Factors and consequences associated with intimate partner violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"L Gunarathne","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0329981.ref005","unstructured":"Royal Government of Cambodia. 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