{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:43:55Z","timestamp":1755225835375,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nMalaria remains endemic in the sub-Saharan African region. The region also faces the world\u2019s highest increase in incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although galectin-3 has been explored in numerous conditions, scientific information on the relationship between malaria-related insulin resistance and circulating galectin-3 levels is limited. Therefore, the current study examined the association between galectin-3 and insulin resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic adults with or without malaria at the Tema General Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nAnthropometric indices, blood pressure, glucose, full blood count (FBC), lipid profile, insulin and galectin-3 levels were measured under fasting conditions. Insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-B) formulae.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nParticipants with T2DM were older (P\u2009<\u20090.05) with higher levels of systolic blood pressure and glucose but lower parasite levels than their non-diabetic counterparts. Irrespective of diabetes status, levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and galectin-3 were higher but triglyceride level was lower in participants with malaria. Levels of insulin, HOMA-B and HOMA-IR were highest for diabetics without malaria with high strengths of the associations. Galectin-3 could neither predict HOMA-B nor HOMA-IR in any of the study groups. Irrespective of malaria or diabetes status, insulin resistance associated with glucose (B<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.603, Wald<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910.52, Exp (B)<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> = 1.83, CI: 1.27\u20132.63; P\u2009=\u20090.001) and insulin (B<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.145, Wald<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918.61, Exp (B)<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> = 3.14, CI: 1.87\u20135.23; P\u2009<\u20090.001) levels in our context with the model explaining 67.7% (Cox & Snell R2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.677) to 91% (Nagelkerke R2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.91) of the observed variation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nThe relationship of galectin-3 with HOMA-IR and HOMA-B appears more complex than a linear fashion in our setting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T18:15:16Z","timestamp":1755108916000},"page":"e0330068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galectin-3 did not associate with malaria-related insulin resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic respondents at a Ghanaian General Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nortey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Derkyi-Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Amoako-Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-1493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ansumana Sandy","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2869-0643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Acquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0330068.ref001","volume-title":"World malaria report","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0330068.ref002","volume-title":"IDF diabetes atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2021","edition":"10"},{"key":"pone.0330068.ref003","first-page":"136148","article-title":"Evidence of insulin resistance in adult uncomplicated malaria: result of a two-year prospective study","volume":"2014","author":"S 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