{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T13:30:42Z","timestamp":1785677442655,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-06068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-06068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I2IPJ 548811-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I2IPJ 548811-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"New Frontiers in Research Fund","award":["NFRFR-2021-00199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFRFR-2021-00199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mechanisms influencing neuromuscular adaptations in the upper limb within dynamic environments remain understudied, especially when exposed to altered visual and emotional conditions such as those simulated in virtual reality (VR). Here we utilize VR to manipulate visual feedback, inducing motion sickness and modulating sympathetic arousal, while assessing adaptations in sensorimotor integration in the upper extremity using electrically evoked and muscle stretch reflexes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eighteen healthy young adults experienced four experimental conditions while sustaining submaximal activation of their flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle by isometrically supporting a weighted load: baseline real-world (Pre-VR), stationary VR (VR-BL), dynamic VR with motion perception via a virtual rollercoaster ride (VR-C), and post-VR following re-entry to the real environment (Post-VR). Muscle activity was monitored via electromyography (EMG), while reflex activity was assessed using electrical (H-reflexes) and mechanically induced (noisy tendon vibration; NTV) reflexes in the FCR. Additionally, electrodermal activity (EDA) and psychosocial indicators of motion sickness (subjective questionnaires) were measured throughout.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>H-reflex amplitude was suppressed during VR-C, which persisted into Post-VR; whereas NTV-reflexes were unaffected across conditions. Sympathetic arousal (e.g., EDA) and motion sickness symptoms increased significantly during VR-C compared to Pre-VR, but rapidly returned to baseline Post-VR. EMG within the target muscle (FCR) as well as in the brachioradialis was maintained across conditions, though increased activation was observed in the biceps brachii beginning at the onset of VR immersion (VR-BL).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings suggest suppression of spinal excitability (H-reflex) when the perception of motion (VR-C) was added to a stationary VR experience. Meanwhile, muscle spindle sensitivity (NTV-reflex) remained consistent, highlighting potential fusimotor adaptations to maintain sensorimotor function under altered visual and emotional states. Persistent H-reflex suppression post-VR indicates lingering neuromuscular effects of immersive VR, underscoring the need for further exploration of VR\u2019s implications for rehabilitation and virtual training environments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T17:40:20Z","timestamp":1755106820000},"page":"e0330129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Upper limb muscle reflexes in real and virtual environments: Insights into sensorimotor adaptations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian H.","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Cluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-5584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0330129.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128548","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1128548","article-title":"Visual feedback-dependent modulation of arousal, postural control, and muscle stretch reflexes assessed in real and virtual environments","volume":"17","author":"DD Hodgson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00383.2022","article-title":"Virtual reality does not fool the brain only: spinal excitability changes during virtually simulated falling","volume":"129","author":"S Grospr\u00eatre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"The mammalian muscle spindle and its central control","volume":"101","author":"M Hulliger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00809.2021","article-title":"Proprioception: a new look at an old concept","volume":"132","author":"ME H\u00e9roux","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.02.034","article-title":"Precise coding of ankle angle and velocity by human calf muscle spindles","volume":"349","author":"RM Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","author":"U Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00033.x","article-title":"Kinesthetic senses","volume":"8","author":"U Proske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00071.2018","article-title":"Functional properties of human muscle spindles","volume":"120","author":"VG Macefield","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1964.44.2.219","article-title":"Muscle spindles and their motor control","volume":"44","author":"PB Matthews","year":"1964","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330129.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281337","article-title":"Crosstalk opposing view: independent fusimotor control of muscle spindles in humans: there is little to gain","volume":"599","author":"D Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330129.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281594","article-title":"Rebuttal from David Burke","volume":"599","author":"D Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330129.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281338","article-title":"Crosstalk proposal: there is much to gain from the independent control of human muscle spindles","volume":"599","author":"M Dimitriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330129.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281595","article-title":"Rebuttal from Michael Dimitriou","volume":"599","author":"M Dimitriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330129.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00908.2016","article-title":"Frequency characteristics of human muscle and cortical responses evoked by noisy Achilles tendon vibration","volume":"122","author":"RL Mildren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330129.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00352.2019","article-title":"Soleus single motor units show stronger coherence with Achilles tendon vibration across a broad bandwidth relative to medial gastrocnemius units while standing","volume":"122","author":"RL Mildren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545047","volume-title":"The circuitry of the human spinal cord: its role in motor control and movement disorders","author":"E Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05119-7","article-title":"Revisiting the use of Hoffmann reflex in motor control research on humans","volume":"123","author":"A Theodosiadou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330129.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0577-5","article-title":"Considerations for use of the Hoffmann reflex in exercise studies","volume":"86","author":"EP Zehr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00065.2013","article-title":"Effects of postural threat on spinal stretch reflexes: evidence for increased muscle spindle sensitivity?","volume":"110","author":"BC Horslen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.05.066","article-title":"Proprioceptive control of human wrist extensor motor units during an attention-demanding task","volume":"1018","author":"G Nafati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330129.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00455.2013","article-title":"Is spinal excitability of the triceps surae mainly affected by muscle activity or body position?","volume":"111","author":"T Cattagni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5182-x","article-title":"Posture modulates the sensitivity of the H-reflex","volume":"236","author":"S Cecen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330129.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.09.004","article-title":"Effects of postural anxiety on the soleus H-reflex","volume":"26","author":"KM Sibley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330129.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00232189","article-title":"Human H-reflexes are smaller in difficult beam walking than in normal treadmill walking","volume":"83","author":"M Llewellyn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330129.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03845-3","article-title":"Modulation of afferent inflow during the control of balancing tasks using the lower limbs","volume":"961","author":"WE McIlroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.02.013","article-title":"Modulation of tendon tap reflex activation of soleus motor neurons with reduced stability tandem stance","volume":"64","author":"GR Chalmers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330129.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01030.2010","article-title":"Human proprioceptive adaptations during states of height-induced fear and anxiety","volume":"106","author":"JR Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0330129.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276459","article-title":"Increased human stretch reflex dynamic sensitivity with height-induced postural threat","volume":"596","author":"BC Horslen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.02.010","article-title":"Influence of real and virtual heights on standing balance","volume":"36","author":"TW Cleworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.04.006","article-title":"Influence of virtual height exposure on postural reactions to support surface translations","volume":"47","author":"TW Cleworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566630","article-title":"Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments","volume":"21","author":"M Meehan","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136586","article-title":"Exploring emotional-modulation of visually evoked postural responses through virtual reality","volume":"777","author":"EI Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01082-7","article-title":"The effects of vision and task complexity on Hoffmann reflex gain","volume":"700","author":"MA Hoffman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330129.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.44.67","article-title":"Effect of optokinetic stimulation on the H reflex in humans","volume":"44","author":"M Hoshiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0330129.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.02.030","article-title":"Enhanced muscle afferent signals during motor learning in humans","volume":"26","author":"M Dimitriou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0330129.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112210-00035","article-title":"Proprioceptive feedback is reduced during adaptation to a visuomotor transformation: preliminary findings","volume":"12","author":"KE Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330129.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00039-8","article-title":"Motion sickness and proprioceptive aftereffects following virtual environment exposure","volume":"30","author":"KM Stanney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130883","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940073","article-title":"Beyond feeling sick: the visual and cognitive aftereffects of virtual reality","volume":"7","author":"A Szpak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462882","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1462882","article-title":"The H-reflex study of the flexor carpi radialis muscle in healthy individuals","volume":"15","author":"M Mercan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref040","first-page":"268","article-title":"The hoffmann reflex: methodologic considerations and applications for use in sports medicine and athletic training research","volume":"39","author":"RM Palmieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref041","first-page":"115","article-title":"A questionnaire for the assessment of the multiple dimensions of motion sickness","volume":"72","author":"PJ Gianaros","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref042","volume-title":"An introduction to Borg\u2019s RPE-scale","author":"G Borg","year":"1985"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref043","first-page":"216","article-title":"Segmental H-reflex studies in upper and lower limbs of healthy subjects","volume":"71","author":"MA Sabbahi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0330129.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01384.x","article-title":"Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements","volume":"49","author":"Society for Psychophysiological Research Ad Hoc Committee on Electrodermal Measures","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330129.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198315060-00015","article-title":"A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate","volume":"15","author":"BJ Noble","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005","article-title":"Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items","volume":"59","author":"RH Baayen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref047","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"DJ Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arn020","article-title":"Time for some a priori thinking about post hoc testing","volume":"19","author":"GD Ruxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences [Internet].","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.4.2157","article-title":"Ankle muscle stiffness alone cannot stabilize balance during quiet standing","volume":"88","author":"PG Morasso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100681","article-title":"The influence of postural threat on the control of upright stance","volume":"138","author":"MG Carpenter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1999-9405","article-title":"Surface height effects on postural control: a hypothesis for a stiffness strategy for stance","volume":"9","author":"MG Carpenter","year":"1999","journal-title":"VES"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330129.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00287.x","article-title":"A freezing-like posture to pictures of mutilation","volume":"42","author":"TM Azevedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330129.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.09.063","article-title":"Postural modulation induced by pictures depicting prosocial or dangerous contexts","volume":"410","author":"LD Facchinetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00525","article-title":"The organization and control of intra-limb anticipatory postural adjustments and their role in movement performance","volume":"10","author":"P Cavallari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01053.2007","article-title":"A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions","volume":"104","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720054679506","article-title":"Height effects in real and virtual environments","volume":"47","author":"PI Simeonov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2023.103543","article-title":"Tracking motion sickness in dynamic VR environments with EDA signals","volume":"99","author":"S Seong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103315","article-title":"Exploring the utility of EDA and skin temperature as individual physiological correlates of motion sickness","volume":"92","author":"J Smyth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"pone.0330129.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014732","article-title":"The afferent volleys responsible for spinal proprioceptive reflexes in man","volume":"339","author":"D Burke","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12311","article-title":"Sensory control of normal movement and of movement aided by neural prostheses","volume":"227","author":"A Prochazka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330129.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00464.x","article-title":"Sensory systems in the control of movement","volume":"2","author":"A Prochazka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0330129.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0572-07.2007","article-title":"Changes in human muscle spindle sensitivity during a proprioceptive attention task","volume":"27","author":"V Hospod","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330129.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91041.2008","article-title":"Fusimotor drive may adjust muscle spindle feedback to task requirements in humans","volume":"101","author":"E Ribot-Ciscar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330129.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe0401","article-title":"Goal-dependent tuning of muscle spindle receptors during movement preparation","volume":"7","author":"S Papaioannou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330129.ref066","article-title":"Assessment of vestibulocortical interactions during standing in healthy subjects","volume":"15","author":"J-F Nepveu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T17:40:29Z","timestamp":1755106829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330129"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Sozen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}