{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:39:29Z","timestamp":1790995169269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stimulant drug use during adolescence (e.g., cocaine or ecstasy) can lead to a myriad of adverse health effects, but it remains uncertain how the home life environment and involvement in structured extracurricular activities may correlate with teenage stimulant use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an analysis utilising data from the 2020 Planet Youth survey, an anonymous questionnaire administered to school-going adolescents in the western region of Ireland. All adolescents with complete demographic information on age, gender and drug use were included in the analysis. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with adolescent lifetime cocaine or ecstasy use. Exposure variables of interest were factors associated with the home environment (parental rule-setting, parental monitoring, being outside after midnight), mental health, intergenerational closure (defined as the extent of connectedness between adolescents and their peers, parents of their peers, and between parents themselves) and adolescent participation in extracurricular activities (sports, arts, volunteering, and\/or afterschool clubs). Limitations of this study included its cross-sectional design which precluded causal inferences, self-reported data which may lead to information and social desirability biases, respectively, as well as adolescents who were not enrolled in formal education being excluded from the sampling frame.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 167 out of 4890 (3.4%) and 136 out of 4895 (2.8%) adolescents had previously used cocaine and ecstasy, respectively. Almost half of the participants in both datasets were female (49.7%), and the majority were aged 16 years (62.8% and 62.7% of the cocaine and ecstasy samples, respectively). Being outside after midnight during the previous week was associated with lifetime stimulant use (cocaine AOR\u2009=\u20095.63, 95%CI: 3.98,7.97; ecstasy AOR\u2009=\u20096.37, 95%CI: 4.36,9.30) (vs. never). Adolescents who reported \u201cbad\/very bad\u201d mental health had over three times the odds of previous cocaine use (AOR\u2009=\u20093.63, 95%CI: 2.39, 5.49), and over five times the odds of previous ecstasy use (AOR\u2009=\u20095.15, 95%CI: 3.09, 8.59) (vs. \u201cgood\/very good\u201d). A lack of parental rule-setting (cocaine AOR\u2009=\u20091.28, 95%CI: 1.10, 1.50; ecstasy AOR\u2009=\u20091.39, 95%CI: 1.17,1.64), lack of parental monitoring (cocaine AOR\u2009=\u20091.81, 95%CI: 1.58,2.06; ecstasy AOR\u2009=\u20092.15, 95%CI: 1.86, 2.48), and reduced intergenerational closure (cocaine AOR\u2009=\u20091.37, 95%CI: 1.18,1.58; ecstasy AOR\u2009=\u20091.57, 95%CI: 1.34,1.83) were associated with lifetime stimulant use. Teenagers who did not participate regularly in sport had increased odds of previous cocaine use (in a club\/team AOR\u2009=\u20091.50, 95%CI: 1.06,2.11; outside of a club\/team AOR\u2009=\u20091.45, 95%CI: 1.03,2.04) and ecstasy use (in a club\/team AOR\u2009=\u20091.54, 95%CI: 1.05,2.27; outside of a club\/team AOR\u2009=\u20091.79, 95%CI: 1.56,3.12).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of stimulant use among this sample of Irish adolescents is relatively high by European standards, particularly cocaine use. Reduced parental rule-setting, supervision and family bonding time was associated with higher odds of adolescent stimulant use. Regular involvement in sports may have a protective effect against adolescent stimulant drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:23:21Z","timestamp":1755883401000},"page":"e0330489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevention of adolescent stimulant drug use: Do the home life environment and extracurricular activities influence this? Findings from the Irish Planet Youth Survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8120-8273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fionn P.","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se\u00e1n R.","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmet","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-9603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330489.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03330.x","article-title":"3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cEcstasy\u201d): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans","volume":"89","author":"TD Steele","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330489.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2010.11.004","article-title":"Stimulant abuse: pharmacology, cocaine, methamphetamine, treatment, attempts at pharmacotherapy","volume":"38","author":"D Ciccarone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"pone.0330489.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.031","article-title":"Trends and correlates of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder in the United States from 2011 to 2015","volume":"180","author":"WS John","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0330489.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.926933","article-title":"An examination of sociodemographic correlates of ecstasy use among high school seniors in the United States","volume":"49","author":"JJ Palamar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"pone.0330489.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103677","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years of drug use disorders for 204 countries and territories during the past 30 years","volume":"86","author":"J Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"33","key":"pone.0330489.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5624","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803988893","article-title":"Side effects of cocaine abuse: multiorgan toxicity and pathological consequences","volume":"19","author":"I Riezzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0330489.ref007","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA. 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