{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:39:47Z","timestamp":1783384787204,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an original study on the usage of a model of network formation to analyze the X (formerly Twitter) friendship network relative to the health organizations that are fighting a specific infectious disease such as Tuberculosis (TBC) as well as how the network evolves over time. Using this model, that mixes information from social media and the underlying reconstructed economic network of their actors, together with disease incidence information, we can then study how the TBC global health network (GHNs) works. Specifically, we investigate the key drivers of this global network partnerships as well as the interplay between economic, social media, and disease incidence. The network diversity (a measure of node size dispersion), has been identified as the leading feature for the network growth, while improving its resilience. We use these insights to suggest better health strategies especially targeted to weak GHNs operating in low and middle income countries that often lack funding, coordination and the capability to attract new donors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:37:33Z","timestamp":1755797853000},"page":"e0330538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modeling the formation of a worldwide health network fighting TBC: Key drivers in policy, management and governance in developing countries and global health institutions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mauro","family":"Gallegati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4093-9309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milena","family":"Lopreite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Puliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330538.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100710","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"S Kundu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330538.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2017.11.003","article-title":"Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV)","volume":"24","author":"R Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulmonology."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330538.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215338","article-title":"The long term effect of pulmonary tuberculosis on income and employment in a low income, urban setting","volume":"76","author":"J Meghji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330538.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14885-0","article-title":"\u201cThe potential of social media in health promotion beyond creating awareness: an integrative review\u201d","volume":"22","author":"A Ghahramani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113940","article-title":"A social network analysis of the organizations focusing on tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia","volume":"278","author":"M Lopreite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330538.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03230-1","article-title":"Multi-drug resistant and extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis","volume":"87","author":"I Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330538.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05749-2","article-title":"HIV infection and multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"ZZ Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref008","first-page":"100147","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the Western Pacific Region: estimating the burden of disease and return on investment 2020 -2030 in four countries","volume":"11","author":"J Estill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac."},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.07.010","article-title":"Linking governance mechanisms to health outcomes: a review of the literature in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"117","author":"DK Ciccone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.11.039","article-title":"Governance of global health research consortia: sharing sovereignty and resources within Future Health Systems","volume":"174","author":"B Pratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330538.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.05.023","article-title":"Governance and public involvement in the British National Health Service: understanding difficulties and developments","volume":"63","author":"G Callaghan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330538.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5573-9-1","article-title":"Social network analysis and agent-based modeling in social epidemiology","volume":"9","author":"AM El-Sayed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Perspect Innov."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330538.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-021-09558-0","article-title":"Agent-based evolving network modeling: a new simulation method for modeling low prevalence infectious diseases","volume":"24","author":"M Eden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330538.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3160243","article-title":"Fine-grained agent-based modeling to predict Covid-19 spreading and effect of policies in large-scale scenarios","volume":"26","author":"G Lombardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform."},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namatame A, Chen S. Agent-based modeling and network dynamics. 2016. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:61560207","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198708285.001.0001"},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daito M, Kojima H. Agent-based simulation using a model of network formation. Agent-based approaches in economic and social complex systems VII. 2013. p. 85\u201397.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-54279-7_7"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330538.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42856-5","article-title":"The nature and nurture of network evolution","volume":"14","author":"B Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"pone.0330538.ref018","article-title":"The emergence and effectiveness of global health networks: findings and future research","author":"J Shiffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330538.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001387","article-title":"Understanding networks in low-and middle-income countries\u2019 health systems: A scoping review","volume":"3","author":"K Kalaris","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330538.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0340-2","article-title":"Defining the global health system and systematically mapping its network of actors","volume":"14","author":"SJ Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330538.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3390\/info11090421","article-title":"Measurement of text similarity: a survey","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330538.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11403-018-00234-1","article-title":"Partnership duration and concurrent partnering: implications for models of HIV prevalence","volume":"14","author":"AG Isaac","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Econ Interact Coord."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330538.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s11403-023-00394-9","article-title":"Key players in network-oriented interventions","volume":"18","author":"A Atay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Econ Interact Coord."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:37:38Z","timestamp":1755797858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330538"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}