{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:55:24Z","timestamp":1791312924598,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC), Government College University Lahore, Pakistan","award":["152\/ORIC\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152\/ORIC\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion sting leads to profound challenges of central nervous system (CNS) impairments such as neuro-inflammation, unconsciousness, aberrant ion channels physiology, epilepsy and may become fatal due to heart failure. However persistence of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Hottentotta tamulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> venom in peripheral nerves and subsequent influence on regenerative process of injured peripheral nerve remains unknown. Current study reports the persistence of <jats:italic><jats:italic>H. tamulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> venom components 30-days following its intraperitoneal administration in sciatic nerves (SN) of mice pre-exposed through either a single-toxin exposure (STE) or multiple-toxin exposure (MTE). Of note, venom pre-exposure delays and compromises the sensori-motor functional recovery in STE and MTE mice following standard sciatic nerve crush injury. Histological investigations of regenerating SN and gastrocnemius muscles (GCM) 14-days post crush injury exhibited reduced myelination and limited numbers of motor axons in SNs and GCM of MTE mice, respectively. Consistently, a marked reduction in expression of regeneration-promoting markers including transcription factors (such as <jats:italic><jats:italic>Atf-3<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic>c-Jun<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>), regeneration associated genes (such as <jats:italic><jats:italic>Sprr1a<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Gap-43<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>) and ion channel proteins encoding genes (such as <jats:italic><jats:italic>Scn9a<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Kcc2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>) was observed in lumber dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and regenerating SN 14-days post crush injury. Collectively, this study reports the persistence and regeneration-inhibiting effects of <jats:italic><jats:italic>H. tamulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> venom in peripheral nerve of pre-exposed mice leading to compromised functional recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T17:27:46Z","timestamp":1755624466000},"page":"e0330600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Scorpion (Hottentotta tamulus) venom pre-exposure delays functional recovery in mice following peripheral nerve injury"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-5319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abbas","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4890-8475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chand","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Tariq","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Faseeh ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahzad","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khajid Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330600.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00202-1","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of fractions isolated from Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom (Perty, 1834)","volume":"40","author":"GA Louren\u00e7o","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330600.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020065","article-title":"Tb1, a neurotoxin from tityus bahiensis scorpion venom, induces epileptic seizures by increasing glutamate release","volume":"12","author":"E Beraldo Neto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330600.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"J-P Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0330600.ref004","unstructured":"Khan MF, Ullah H. 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