{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:44:58Z","timestamp":1791517498095,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001125","name":"GAVI Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-034281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-034281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The introduction of MenAfriVac has significantly reduced group A meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt, but epidemics caused by other groups such as C, W, Y and X (MenCWYX) remain a threat. To address this, a new multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MMCV) has been developed and pre-qualified by WHO. This study extends a previously established transmission dynamic model for MenA to include MenCWYX, enabling evaluation of the potential impact of MMCVs under various vaccination strategies. Using Burkina Faso as a case study, the model simulates mass campaigns targeting different age groups and routine vaccination through the Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI). The results indicate that campaigns targeting 1\u201329-year-olds are most effective in averting cases and delaying disease resurgence, while 1\u201319-year-old campaigns offer a resource-efficient alternative. Vaccine efficacy against carriage and the duration of protection significantly influence outcomes; greater efficacy (90% vs. 60%) and longer protection delay resurgence and reduce the number of cases. Routine- only vaccination demonstrates value in lower-risk settings, though it is less effective than combined strategies. Sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of the ranking of strategies but highlight the importance of accurate estimates of vaccine efficacy and transmission parameters. The findings suggest that countries in the meningitis belt should integrate MMCVs into their immunisation programs, with high-risk countries prioritising catch-up campaigns for children and young adults. Despite data limitations and uncertainties, this model provides valuable insights for optimising vaccine rollout and highlights critical research needs, such as understanding vaccine effectiveness against carriage. These results support informed decision-making to sustain progress against meningitis and protect populations from future epidemics. MMCVs hold great promise in further reducing meningitis burden and approaching disease elimination in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:23:57Z","timestamp":1756488237000},"page":"e0330627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modelling of strategies for the introduction and routine use of multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MMCVs) in the African meningitis belt"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5909-8020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andromachi","family":"Karachaliou Prasinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9911","key":"pone.0330627.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61612-8","article-title":"Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study [corrected]","volume":"383","author":"DM Daugla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30301-8","article-title":"Impact of MenAfriVac in nine countries of the African meningitis belt, 2010-15: an analysis of surveillance data","volume":"17","author":"CL Trotter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330627.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1378841","article-title":"Successful African introduction of a new Group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine: Future challenges and next steps","volume":"14","author":"FM LaForce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0330627.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214924","article-title":"Meningococcal ACWYX Conjugate Vaccine in 2-to-29-Year-Olds in Mali and Gambia","volume":"388","author":"FC Haidara","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref005","unstructured":"Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, September 2023: conclusions and recommendations. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WER-9847-599-620"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref006","unstructured":"Gavi Board Meeting, 28-29 November 2018. 2025. https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/governance\/gavi-board\/minutes\/28-november-2018"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ508","article-title":"Modeling long-term vaccination strategies with MenAfriVac in the African meningitis belt","volume":"61","author":"A Karachaliou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref008","article-title":"Impact of meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccines on pharyngeal carriage in adolescents: evidence for herd protection from the UK MenACWY programme","volume":"28","author":"JP Carr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330627.ref009","article-title":"Household transmission of Neisseria meningitidis in the African meningitis belt: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Consortium MenAfriCar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330627.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0328","article-title":"Eliminating epidemic Group A meningococcal meningitis in Africa through a new vaccine","volume":"30","author":"FM LaForce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz336","article-title":"Status of the Rollout of the Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine in African Meningitis Belt Countries in 2018","volume":"220","author":"A Bwaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330627.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30674-1","article-title":"Antibody kinetics following vaccination with MenAfriVac: an analysis of serological data from randomised trials","volume":"19","author":"M White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330627.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy488","article-title":"Antibody Persistence at the Population Level 5 Years After Mass Vaccination With Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine (PsA-TT) in Burkina Faso: Need for a Booster Campaign?","volume":"68","author":"S Yaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00046-7","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a pentavalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine targeting serogroups A, C, W, Y, and X when co-administered with routine childhood vaccines at ages 9 months and 15 months in Mali: a single-centre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"405","author":"F Diallo","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0330627.ref015","unstructured":"Meningococcal vaccines: WHO position paper on the use of multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines in countries of the African meningitis belt, January 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-wer9901-02-1-10"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330627","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:24:01Z","timestamp":1756488241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330627"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Oyelola 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