{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T21:30:35Z","timestamp":1789335035882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u00c5\u201aodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.859850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.859850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWA.1160.18.210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1160.18.210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various vector control strategies are in place to reduce the spread of arthropod-borne viruses. Some of these, such as application of insecticides, are encountering operational challenges and a reduced overall effectiveness due to evolution of resistance. Alternative approaches for mosquito population control, such as the sterile insect technique, depend on efficient mass-rearing of healthy mosquitoes prior to mass-release in the field. Therefore, improving efficiency and quality of mass-rearing techniques is crucial to obtain fit mosquitoes. Previous studies have shown that Acetic Acid Bacteria of the genus <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> can have a mutualistic effect on larval development in different mosquito species and can thus contribute to improved rearing output. However, whether improved performance in the larval stages may have knock-on effects in the adult stage, for example by increasing their capability to transmit arbovirus, remains unclear. Such effects may jeopardize future control efforts. We tested the effects of two <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Asaia krungthepensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Asaia bogorensis,<\/jats:italic> on development time and adult size under two rearing conditions: individual rearing and group rearing of <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> larvae. Besides investigating development and size, we also investigated whether <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> spp. exposure during the larval stage can influence the vector competence of <jats:italic>Culex pipiens pipiens<\/jats:italic> for West Nile virus (WNV). Our work shows the potential of improving mass-rearing efficiency by employing <jats:italic>Asaia krungthepensis<\/jats:italic> as a mutualist for <jats:italic>Culex pipiens pipiens<\/jats:italic>. Importantly, this study reveals no significant increase in dissemination and transmission rate of WNV by <jats:italic>Culex pipiens pipiens<\/jats:italic> when inoculated with <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> spp., although an increase in viral titer in the legs and the saliva was observed when the mosquitoes were inoculated with the two <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> species. Interestingly, we confirmed that <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> spp<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> bacteria did not establish as a permanent member of the microbiota of <jats:italic>Culex pipiens pipiens.<\/jats:italic> As <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> spp. did not establish in adult mosquitoes, the observed change in WNV titers can be a result of indirect interactions of <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> with the native <jats:italic>Culex pipiens pipiens<\/jats:italic> microbiome. Our results stress the importance of carefully evaluating host-symbiont interactions to avoid the potential of releasing mosquitoes with enhanced vector competence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:26:03Z","timestamp":1755797163000},"page":"e0330703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Asaia spp. exposure for improving mosquito mass-rearing, and the effects on Culex pipiens pipiens vector competence for West Nile virus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8581-4737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Roman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Linthout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantianus J. 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