{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:06:59Z","timestamp":1756512419880,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00c3\u00a3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/22246-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/22246-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00c3\u00a3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/25889-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/25889-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00c3\u00a3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/27070-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/27070-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00c3\u00a3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/51267-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/51267-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006506","name":"Minist\u00c3\u00a9rio da Sa\u00c3\u00bade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SVS-MS 20\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVS-MS 20\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00c3fico e Tecnol\u00c3\u00b3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28\/2018 - 425347\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28\/2018 - 425347\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00c3fico e Tecnol\u00c3\u00b3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302622\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302622\/2017-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPERJ\u2013CNE-E26-202.569\/2019 AND Rio de Janeiro\u2013E-26\/010.101083\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPERJ\u2013CNE-E26-202.569\/2019 AND Rio de Janeiro\u2013E-26\/010.101083\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PASTEUS-FIOCRUZ-USP","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a widespread zoonotic disease in Brazil. This study aimed to identify and predict spatial patterns of CVL in an endemic city, Votuporanga, and examine disease associations with key environmental and anthropogenic factors at a fine spatial scale. First, we estimated the spatial clustering of CVL cases relative to non-cases from 8,146 dogs. Second, we assessed CVL density using a Kernel density ratio map. Third, we analyzed associations between disease occurrence and selected variables derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), number of buildings, building area, and street density using binary logistic regression models. Finally, we predicted the spatial odds of CVL using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) that incorporated the significant covariates. Our results revealed significant clustering of cases up to a range of 1.7 km. Mean NDVI, street density, and sparse vegetation were statistically significant, increasing the odds of CVL by 431%, 109%, and 100%, respectively, per unit change. The predictive performance of the GAM, evaluated through cross-validation, indicated that the model incorporating mean NDVI achieved the best fit, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.74 (CI 0.72\u20130.76). Our findings demonstrate that CVL is widespread across the city, predominantly in urban fringe areas, with nearly 45% of the city classified as having increased odds of CVL (&gt;1). In contrast, the downtown area exhibited lower odds of disease. Furthermore, we identified distinct parasite genotypes across the city, primarily in areas with higher disease odds. Altogether, our results highlight how biological and environmental data can be integrated into mapping to enhance the understanding of the spatial dynamics of disease transmission in urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:39:30Z","timestamp":1756489170000},"page":"e0330730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial prediction of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic urban area of Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7205-7557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia Sayuri Silvestre","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Mariotti","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto Mitsuyoshi","family":"Hiramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena Hilomi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-4471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Denise Maria Bussoni","family":"Bertollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana Cort\u00eas","family":"Boit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khan","family":"Rahaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Cogliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Cupolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raul Borges","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Tolezano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archie Campbell Adair","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.35500\/jghs.2020.2.e3","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: a global overview","volume":"2","author":"RG Wamai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref002","volume-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref003","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis - World Health Organization","author":"WHO","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref004","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Leishmaniasis: Epidemiological Report for the Americas. 2024. https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/63165"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref005","unstructured":"CVE. Centro de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica \u201cProf. Alexandre Vranjac.\u201d 2022 [cited 11 May 2023]. http:\/\/www.saude.sp.gov.br\/cve-centro-de-vigilancia-epidemiologica-prof.-alexandre-vranjac\/"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref006","volume-title":"SVS\/MS \u2013 Ministry of Health, Brazil","author":"BRAZIL","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref007","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade do Brasil. Guia de vigil\u00e2ncia em sa\u00fade. BRASIL, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade.Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Desenvolvimento da Epidemiologia em Servi\u00e7os. 2024. http:\/\/portal.anvisa.gov.br\/documents\/33852\/3507912\/Caderno+3+-+Crit\u00e9rios+Diagn\u00f3sticos+de+Infec\u00e7\u00e3o+Associada+\u00e0+Assist\u00eancia+\u00e0+Sa\u00fade+Neonatologia\/9fa7d9be-6d35-42ea-ab48-bb1e068e5a7d"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref008","volume-title":"Nota T\u00e9cnica No 11\/2016 - MAPA","author":"Brasil","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75544-1","author":"EF Rangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brazilian Sand Flies. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"5924","key":"pone.0330730.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169464","article-title":"Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector","volume":"324","author":"NS Akopyants","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330730.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00548-17","article-title":"Molecular Preadaptation to Antimony Resistance in Leishmania donovani on the Indian Subcontinent","volume":"3","author":"F Dumetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0330730.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415109111","article-title":"Cross-species genetic exchange between visceral and cutaneous strains of Leishmania in the sand fly vector","volume":"111","author":"A Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.09.029","article-title":"A Leishmania infantum genetic marker associated with miltefosine treatment failure for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"36","author":"JBT Carnielli","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010004","article-title":"Trans-Atlantic Spill Over: Deconstructing the Ecological Adaptation of Leishmania infantum in the Americas","volume":"11","author":"MC Boit\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01658-5","article-title":"Colonization and genetic diversification processes of Leishmania infantum in the Americas","volume":"4","author":"P Schwabl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2002000300007","article-title":"Spatial modeling using mixed models: an ecologic study of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piau\u00ed State, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"GL Werneck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330730.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006881","article-title":"Multilevel modelling of the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil","volume":"135","author":"GL Werneck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref018","first-page":"165","article-title":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems and Risk of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bahia, Brazil","author":"ME Bavia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref019","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and its relationship with climate and environmental factors in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2007 to 2014","volume":"35","author":"LLD Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330730.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000019","article-title":"Factors associated with human visceral leishmaniasis cases during urban epidemics in Brazil: a systematic review","volume":"148","author":"C da Silva Santana Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330730.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx080","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil: a 25-year follow-up of an urban outbreak","volume":"111","author":"\u00c1LM Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330730.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X28018","article-title":"Household structure and urban services: neglected targets in the control of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"99","author":"CHN Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330730.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2009000700012","article-title":"Factors associated with the incidence of urban visceral leishmaniasis: an ecological study in Teresina, Piau\u00ed State, Brazil","volume":"25","author":"J Cerbino Neto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330730.ref024","article-title":"Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in the americas: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"VS Belo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330730.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2013047004454","article-title":"Introduction and expansion of human American visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1999-2011","volume":"47","author":"MFM Cardim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330730.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9050115","article-title":"Finding Priority Areas in the Evaluation of Strategies for the Prevention of Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Municipality of Brazil","volume":"9","author":"TCB de Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0330730.ref027","article-title":"Impact of the dog population and household environment for the maintenance of natural foci of Leishmania infantum transmission to human and animal hosts in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Sao Paulo state, Brazil","volume":"16","author":"PSS Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330730.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240218","article-title":"Spatio-temporal modeling of visceral leishmaniasis in Midwest Brazil: An ecological study of 18-years data (2001-2018)","volume":"15","author":"E Falc\u00e3o de Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3019-x","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling predicting the potential distribution of Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin: impact of climate change","volume":"11","author":"B Chalghaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330730.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231866","article-title":"geoBoundaries: A global database of political administrative boundaries","volume":"15","author":"D Runfola","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref031","unstructured":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Estimates of the resident population in Brazil and the units of the federation as of July 1, 2024. 2024. https:\/\/ftp.ibge.gov.br\/Estimativas_de_Populacao\/Estimativas_2024\/POP2024_20241230.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref032","unstructured":"IBGE. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2010 [cited 13 Oct 2016]. https:\/\/ftp.ibge.gov.br\/Estimativas_de_Populacao\/Estimativas_2020\/estimativa_dou_2020.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref033","unstructured":"UNDP. Human Development Indices and Indicators. 2018 Statistical Update. United Nations Development Programme. 2018. http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330730.ref034","first-page":"891","article-title":"Estimation of the dog and cat population in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"39","author":"MCGP Alves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330730.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"MC Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref036","unstructured":"Worldclim. Free climate data for ecological modeling and GIS. https:\/\/www.worldclim.org\/data\/index.html"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref037","first-page":"41","article-title":"Mapa geomorfol\u00f3gico do estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"10","author":"J Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Do Departamento De Geografia"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref038","article-title":"Epidemiological classification of the municipalities of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo according to the Visceral Leishmaniasis Control and Surveillance Program, 2018","author":"SS de Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"BEPA"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da efetividade do uso de coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina no controle da leishmaniose visceral no munic\u00edpio de Votuporanga, Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil, 2014 \u2013 2016","author":"JE Tolezano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Instituto Adolfo Lutz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.1.210-215.2002","article-title":"Comparison of six PCR methods using peripheral blood for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"40","author":"L Lachaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref041","unstructured":"Brazil. Geocatalogo MMA. 2018 [cited 4 Jul 2018]. http:\/\/geocatalogo.mma.gov.br"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref042","volume-title":"Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (green wave effect) of natural vegetation","author":"JW Rouse","year":"1973"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref043","unstructured":"NASA. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Foundation for Remote Sensing Phenology - United States Geological Survey. 2018. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/special-topics\/remote-sensing-phenology\/science\/ndvi-foundation-remote-sensing-phenology#:~:text=NDVIvaluesrangefrom%\u20261\/2"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330730.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700022X","article-title":"What influences the home range size of free-roaming domestic dogs?","volume":"145","author":"S D\u00fcrr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330730.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.2.427","article-title":"Dispersal of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia","volume":"30","author":"AC Morrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref046","author":"Secretariat of Infrastructure and Environment of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330730.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/2.3.277","article-title":"Investigation of spatial clustering from individually matched case-control studies","volume":"2","author":"AG Chetwynd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330730.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110008","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.110008","article-title":"Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission","volume":"1","author":"S Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2307\/622936","article-title":"Spatial Point Pattern Analysis and Its Application in Geographical Epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"AC Gatrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref050","volume-title":"Interactive spatial data analysis","author":"TC Bailey","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-26","article-title":"Method for mapping population-based case-control studies: an application using generalized additive models","volume":"5","author":"T Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"4857","key":"pone.0330730.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3287615","article-title":"Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems","volume":"240","author":"JA Swets","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330730.ref053","article-title":"The role of case proximity in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in a highly endemic village in Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"LAC Chapman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0330730.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003951","article-title":"Lutzomyia longipalpis Presence and Abundance Distribution at Different Micro-spatial Scales in an Urban Scenario","volume":"9","author":"MS Santini","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.391","article-title":"Meteorological conditions, elevation and land cover as predictors for the distribution analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sinkiang province, Mainland China","volume":"646","author":"X Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref056","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis in an area with recent introduction of the disease in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"34","author":"TR Abrantes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330730.ref057","article-title":"Land use, land cover, and prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piau\u00ed State, Brazil: an approach using orbital remote sensing","volume":"33","author":"ABF Figueiredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref058","first-page":"327","article-title":"Spatial distribution and environmental factors associated to phlebotomine fauna in a border area of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"1","author":"ARO de Andrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330730.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1438229","article-title":"High seroprevalence and peripheral spatial distribution of visceral leishmaniasis among domestic dogs in an emerging urban focus in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study","volume":"112","author":"AG de Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330730.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060455","article-title":"Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease","volume":"13","author":"DF Vilas-Boas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330730.ref061","first-page":"594","article-title":"Dog replacement in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"40","author":"AM Andrade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330730.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0040","article-title":"The effect of removing potentially infectious dogs on the numbers of canine Leishmania infantum infections in an endemic area with high transmission rates","volume":"86","author":"G Grimaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref063","author":"VML Wilke","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.04.031","article-title":"Spatial distribution and population genetics of Leishmania infantum genotypes in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil, employing multilocus microsatellite typing directly in dog infected tissues","volume":"18","author":"G Motoie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0330730.ref065","author":"JM Guerra","year":"2019"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0330730.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","article-title":"Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes induce and are killed by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"106","author":"AB Guimar\u00e3es-Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330730.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.02.002","article-title":"Increased transmission potential of Leishmania major\/Leishmania infantum hybrids","volume":"37","author":"P Volf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330730","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:39:42Z","timestamp":1756489182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330730"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Silva","family":"Belo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}