{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:58Z","timestamp":1787022178240,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022965","name":"Minciencias","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["111584467188, Contract No. 428-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111584467188, Contract No. 428-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Universidad de Antioquia-CODI","award":["Acta No. 2020-34065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Acta No. 2020-34065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dengue virus (DENV), the etiological agent of dengue fever, remains a global health concern, leading to severe illness and death in the absence of any definitive cure. Research has shown that vitamin D may reduce DENV replication\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and that dengue patients with low or deficient vitamin D levels are at higher risk of severe dengue. Studies indicate that viral replication is inhibited in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) differentiated in the presence of vitamin D (D3MDM), suggesting that vitamin D may prevent DENV entry into host cells. However, despite these findings, the role of vitamin D in regulating the temporal expression patterns of genes as early, mid, and late transcriptional profile of DENV-infected macrophages remains unclear. Therefore, utilizing a kinetic transcriptomic profile is crucial. This approach provides detailed insights into the dynamic changes in gene expression over time, helping to clarify how vitamin D can modulate the immune response at critical stages of DENV infection. To address the transcriptional dynamics, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns in MDM and D3MDM infected with Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). Utilizing bulk RNA sequencing alongside a standard viral growth curve, we systematically analyzed transcriptional kinetics by selecting key time points: 1.5, 3, 5.5, and 10 hours post-infection (h.p.i.) to monitor early viral entry and replication events and 24\u2009h.p.i. to assess gene expression during peak viral particle production. Our temporal analysis revealed a progressive increase in cellular transcripts within the first hour of infection, with a more pronounced gene expression pattern in DENV-2-infected MDM compared to DENV-2-infected D3MDM at this early stage. Enrichment analysis indicated a reduced inflammatory response in DENV-2-infected D3MDM. Additionally, transcription factor analysis suggested diminished NF-\u03baB signaling, but enhanced IRF5 activity was elevated in the DENV-2-infected D3MDM. High-dimensional clustering analysis identified nine unique gene clusters across both macrophage types, with notable upregulation of genes associated with antiviral activity, including\n                    <jats:italic>IDO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ISG20<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>OASL<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>IFI44L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RSAD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IFIT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>EPSTI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL10<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL11<\/jats:italic>\n                    in DENV-2-infected D3MDM at 1.5\u2009h.p.i., suggesting an enhanced early antiviral response. These findings indicate that vitamin D modulates the magnitude and diversity of the early transcriptional responses, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option to mitigate DENV severity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:29:13Z","timestamp":1755797353000},"page":"e0330751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin D enhances antiviral responses in dengue virus-infected macrophages by modulating early-response gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yordi Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Tamayo-Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Felipe","family":"Vald\u00e9s-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-1587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geysson J.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-8345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvio","family":"Urcuqui-Inchima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0330751.ref001","author":"Who.int","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08481-9","article-title":"Obesity as a clinical predictor for severe manifestation of dengue: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"C-Y Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330751.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012248","article-title":"Is the rise in childhood obesity rates leading to an increase in hospitalizations due to dengue?","volume":"18","author":"C Jeewandara","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.039","article-title":"The association of obesity and severe dengue: possible pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"P Gallagher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16849-7","article-title":"TLR2 on blood monocytes senses dengue virus infection and its expression correlates with disease pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"JA Aguilar-Brise\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330751.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010499","article-title":"TLR2 axis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells regulates inflammatory responses to non-infectious immature dengue virus particles","volume":"18","author":"JA Aguilar Brise\u00f1o","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330751.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01277.x","article-title":"Human TLR3 recognizes dengue virus and modulates viral replication in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Y-T Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling pathways","volume":"5","author":"T Kawasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"T Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003118","article-title":"IRF-3, IRF-5, and IRF-7 coordinately regulate the type I IFN response in myeloid dendritic cells downstream of MAVS signaling","volume":"9","author":"HM Lazear","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330751.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.054","article-title":"An IRF-3-, IRF-5-, and IRF-7-Independent Pathway of Dengue Viral Resistance Utilizes IRF-1 to Stimulate Type I and II Interferon Responses","volume":"21","author":"AF Carlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330751.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0129","article-title":"Dengue Virus Control of Type I IFN Responses: A History of Manipulation and Control","volume":"35","author":"JA Castillo Ramirez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590004","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.590004","article-title":"Dysfunctional Innate Immune Responses and Severe Dengue","volume":"10","author":"GN Malavige","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330751.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000637","article-title":"Markers of dengue severity: a systematic review of cytokines and chemokines","volume":"97","author":"YH Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330751.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091789","article-title":"Different Profiles of Cytokines, Chemokines and Coagulation Mediators Associated with Severity in Brazilian Patients Infected with Dengue Virus","volume":"13","author":"VE Fiestas Sol\u00f3rzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330751.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31826fd456","article-title":"Alteration of cytokines and chemokines during febrile episodes associated with endothelial cell damage and plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"31","author":"P Butthep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.06.001","article-title":"Influence of chemokines on the endothelial permeability and cellular transmigration during dengue","volume":"212","author":"C Cipitelli M da","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0330751.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3014","article-title":"Immunity to dengue virus: a tale of original antigenic sin and tropical cytokine storms","volume":"11","author":"AL Rothman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0330751.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-024-3318-6","article-title":"Is Severe Dengue a Cytokine Storm Syndrome?","volume":"61","author":"P Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199306","article-title":"Temporal cytokine storm dynamics in dengue infection predicts severity","volume":"341","author":"P Bhatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330751.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2713-y","article-title":"Significant perturbation of vitamin D-parathyroid-calcium axis and adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients","volume":"39","author":"P Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2017.12.044","article-title":"High-dose of vitamin D supplement is associated with reduced susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages to dengue virus infection and pro-inflammatory cytokine production: An exploratory study","volume":"478","author":"DM Giraldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03658-w","article-title":"Effect of high doses of vitamin D supplementation on dengue virus replication, Toll-like receptor expression, and cytokine profiles on dendritic cells","volume":"464","author":"J Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330751.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005904","article-title":"Human macrophages differentiated in the presence of vitamin D3 restrict dengue virus infection and innate responses by downregulating mannose receptor expression","volume":"11","author":"JF Arboleda Alzate","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330751.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009873","article-title":"Regulation of innate immune responses in macrophages differentiated in the presence of vitamin D and infected with dengue virus 2","volume":"15","author":"JA Castillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac014","article-title":"Vitamin D-induced LL-37 modulates innate immune responses of human primary macrophages during DENV-2 infection","volume":"80","author":"JA Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110232","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines to restrict Zika virus infection in macrophages","volume":"119","author":"GJ Fernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109105","article-title":"Vitamin D boosts immune response of macrophages through a regulatory network of microRNAs and mRNAs","volume":"109","author":"GJ Fernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926220","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.926220","article-title":"Immunolipidomics Reveals a Globoside Network During the Resolution of Pro-Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages","volume":"13","author":"S Muralidharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330751.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00336-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers pro-atherogenic inflammatory responses in human coronary vessels","volume":"2","author":"N Eberhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330751.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020911","article-title":"Time-Resolved Gene Expression Analysis Monitors the Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Attenuation of Adaptive Immune Response by Vitamin D","volume":"23","author":"A Hanel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","journal-title":"ggplot2. Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref033","unstructured":"Dawson C. ggprism: A \u201cggplot2\u201d extension inspired by \u201cGraphPad Prism\u201d. 2024. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=ggprism"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330751.ref034","article-title":"Complex heatmap visualization","volume":"1","author":"Z Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910601","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.910601","article-title":"Gene-Regulatory Potential of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2","volume":"9","author":"A Hanel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330751.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092879","article-title":"Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Viral Infections","volume":"12","author":"M Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.06.001","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on immune response to dengue virus infection","volume":"117","author":"K Alagarasu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01779-4","article-title":"Immunomodulation in dengue: towards deciphering dengue severity markers","volume":"22","author":"MK Dash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"39","key":"pone.0330751.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807690115","article-title":"Deconvolution of pro- and antiviral genomic responses in Zika virus-infected and bystander macrophages","volume":"115","author":"AF Carlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref040","author":"CSC Hardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibody-dependent DENV infection induces distinct transcriptomic responses in infected and bystander human macrophages. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00164","article-title":"Vitamin D and the epigenome","volume":"5","author":"IS Fetahu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330751.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302296","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor and Jak-STAT signaling crosstalk results in calcitriol-mediated increase of hepatocellular response to IFN-\u03b1","volume":"192","author":"CM Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330751.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-024-06050-2","article-title":"Zika virus infection suppresses CYP24A1 and CAMP expression in human monocytes","volume":"169","author":"LJ Hern\u00e1ndez-Sarmiento","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330751.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-004-0509-9","article-title":"1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) regulates NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in cultured normal human keratinocytes through an increase in IkappaBalpha expression","volume":"296","author":"JL Riis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330751.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01153-3","article-title":"1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappaB in human fibroblasts","volume":"436","author":"H Harant","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330751.ref046","article-title":"Increased NF-kappaB activity in fibroblasts lacking the vitamin D receptor","volume":"291","author":"J Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"49","key":"pone.0330751.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49378","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308448200","article-title":"Direct transcriptional regulation of RelB by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: physiologic and therapeutic implications for dendritic cell function","volume":"278","author":"X Dong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330751.ref048","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses high glucose-induced angiotensinogen expression in kidney cells by blocking the NF-{kappa}B pathway","volume":"296","author":"DK Deb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0330751.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19450","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.467670","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor inhibits nuclear factor \u03baB activation by interacting with I\u03baB kinase \u03b2 protein","volume":"288","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330751.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1647","article-title":"Vitamin D limits chemokine expression in adipocytes and macrophage migration in vitro and in male mice","volume":"156","author":"E Karkeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.03.016","article-title":"Changes in the human transcriptome upon vitamin D supplementation","volume":"173","author":"Y Pasing","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330751.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095041","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in a Deficient Population","volume":"22","author":"M Garand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86032-5","article-title":"A hierarchical regulatory network analysis of the vitamin D induced transcriptome reveals novel regulators and complete VDR dependency in monocytes","volume":"11","author":"T Warwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330751.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1519","article-title":"Epigenome-wide effects of vitamin D and their impact on the transcriptome of human monocytes involve CTCF","volume":"44","author":"S Seuter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0330751.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14295","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800501200","article-title":"Functional characterization of murine interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF-5) and its role in the innate antiviral response","volume":"283","author":"A Paun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330751.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.07.034","article-title":"IRF5:RelA interaction targets inflammatory genes in macrophages","volume":"8","author":"DG Saliba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.12.015","article-title":"1,25\u2011Dihydroxyvitamin D regulates macrophage polarization and ameliorates experimental inflammatory bowel disease by suppressing miR-125b","volume":"67","author":"X Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330751.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030951","article-title":"Restriction of Zika Virus Replication in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages by Pro-Inflammatory (M1) Polarization","volume":"26","author":"I Pagani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330751.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2022064","article-title":"Association of systemic vitamin D on the course of dengue virus infection in adults: a single-centre dengue cohort study at a large institution in Singapore","volume":"65","author":"SP Sadarangani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035560","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1035560","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in dengue fever patients\u2019 coinfected with H. pylori in Pakistan. A case-control study","volume":"10","author":"WA Mirza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330751.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010043","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) and Susceptibility towards Severe Dengue Fever-A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Dengue Fever Patients from Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"S Iqtadar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0330751.ref062","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effectiveness of Vitamin D in Prevention of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"S Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rawalpindi Med Coll"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:29:21Z","timestamp":1755797361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330751"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Helene Minyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}