{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:53:19Z","timestamp":1776966799681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal funding as part of a start-up package from School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects forward flow of speech including fluency disruptions in 90% of individuals. One of the main parameters affecting flow and fluency of speech is pause behaviour. However, the precise language characteristics of pauses, including sentence complexity and length, and how they contribute to the fluency disruptions of PD are not fully understood. This study examined how sentence complexity and length affect pause behaviour in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-one participants, comprising individuals with PD (n\u2009=\u200932) and neurotypical controls (n\u2009=\u200939), read a speech passage aloud. The number and duration of pauses, categorised by location (between, within sentences), sentence complexity (simple, complex), and sentence length (short, long) were analysed. Cognitive ability, assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and motor speech deficits (i.e., dysarthria) severity, assessed using a speech perceptual ranking, were evaluated and correlated with pause characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with PD produced significantly more pauses across all categories compared to controls. However, only between-sentence and long-sentence pauses were significantly longer in duration. Pause frequency and duration in both groups were higher in more complex and longer sentences. Significant negative correlations were found between MoCA scores and number of pauses. Significant positive correlations were observed between dysarthria severity and duration of pauses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that increased cognitive-linguistic demands\u2014indexed by sentence complexity and length\u2014may underlie pausing behaviour and contribute to fluency disruptions in individuals with PD. The results extend previous research by highlighting the potential cognitive-linguistic basis of motor speech dysfunction in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:24:12Z","timestamp":1776965052000},"page":"e0330808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pause characteristics of sentence production in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insights from sentence complexity and length"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-9750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mollaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huw","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Pool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0330808.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0330808.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2_Suppl_2.S2","article-title":"Biochemical aspects of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"O Hornykiewicz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330808.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2011.20.9.548","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s: symptoms, treatments and research","volume":"20","author":"D Heisters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0330808.ref004","article-title":"Overview of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"M Lew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"pone.0330808.ref005","first-page":"389767","article-title":"Perception of speech by individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"2011","author":"LC Kwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"pone.0330808.ref006","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions GB. 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