{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T14:35:00Z","timestamp":1792938900533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH136204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH136204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01MH130226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MH130226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This pilot trial will investigate the feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, and preliminary efficacy of a combined youth-friendly suicide prevention and problem-solving intervention in reducing suicidal ideation and behaviors in adolescents living with HIV (ALWH) in Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ALWH (N\u2009=\u200960) aged 13\u201319 who reported suicidal ideation and behaviors will be recruited from 5 health clinics. Participants will be randomized 1:1 either to the Safety Planning and Friendship Bench (SP\u2009+\u2009FB) (n\u2009=\u200930) or to augmented usual care (n\u2009=\u200930) and followed for 6 months. SP\u2009+\u2009FB includes 6 individual counseling sessions and 6 bi-monthly peer support group sessions delivered by psychological counselors. Feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, and preliminary efficacy will be assessed at 6-weeks and 3- and 6-month study visits and compared across the 2 study arms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of this study will provide insights into the feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, and preliminary efficacy of the combined SP\u2009+\u2009FB for reducing chronic and acute suicidality in ALWH compared to standard of care. This pilot study will lay the groundwork to test the SP\u2009+\u2009FB in a large-scale cluster randomized controlled trial to improve suicide prevention resources and interventions for ALWH in Malawi. The findings of the study will add to a critical body of research aiming to implement feasible, acceptable, and effective suicide prevention interventions as part of adolescent HIV care in low-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Trial registeration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT06770101\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT06770101<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T17:28:35Z","timestamp":1756920515000},"page":"e0330847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Suicide assessment and feasible evidence-based treatments for adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-7180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Stockton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Mphonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivedita L.","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-9940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"January","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-1713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles","family":"Masulani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-4313","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael M.","family":"Udedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Pence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Chiwanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley N.","family":"Gaynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2979-4495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazione","family":"Kulisewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10036","key":"pone.0330847.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00648-6","article-title":"Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people\u2019s health during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"387","author":"AH Mokdad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02587-z","article-title":"Self-harm with suicidal and non-suicidal intent in young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"EN-B Quarshie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref003","article-title":"Poverty and suicide research in low- and middle-income countries: systematic mapping of literature published in English and a proposed research agenda","volume":"3","author":"J Bantjes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Ment Health (Camb)"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-4-37","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: a meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"G Arsenault-Lapierre","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330847.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.75.4.676","article-title":"Completed suicide and psychiatric diagnoses in young people: a critical examination of the evidence","volume":"75","author":"A Fleischmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330847.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002905","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity and suicidal behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"D Knipe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9829-9","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of probable depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among female sex workers in Lilongwe, Malawi","volume":"16","author":"SA MacLean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330847.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v30i4.5","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of probable depression diagnosis and suicidal ideation among patients receiving HIV care in Lilongwe, Malawi","volume":"30","author":"JK Malava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-021-00483-x","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviour among adults in Malawi: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in 2017","volume":"15","author":"S Pengpid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3509-8","article-title":"Suicide attempts and behavioral correlates among a nationally representative sample of school-attending adolescents in the Republic of Malawi","volume":"16","author":"MA Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref011","article-title":"Global overview of suicidal behavior and associated risk factors among people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Y-T Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref012","article-title":"HIV and suicide risk across adolescence and young adulthood: an examination of socio-demographic, contextual and psychosocial risk factors for attempted suicide in a longitudinal cohort of ageing adolescents affected by HIV living in the New York City Area","author":"P Kreniske","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21497","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.4.21497","article-title":"Mental health challenges among adolescents living with HIV","volume":"20","author":"RC Vreeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330847.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1566511","article-title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among adolescents living with HIV\/AIDS in South Western Uganda","volume":"31","author":"E Kemigisha","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-021-00437-3","article-title":"Suicidal ideation, attempt, and its associated factors among HIV\/AIDS patients in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis study","volume":"15","author":"M Necho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330847.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5114\/hivar.2019.85949","article-title":"Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation among adolescents living with HIV in Southwestern Nigeria, West Africa","volume":"18","author":"S Adeyemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV AIDS Rev"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656739","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2021.656739","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation among children and adolescents attending a pediatric HIV clinic in Uganda","volume":"6","author":"JD Namuli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330847.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-013-0387-5","article-title":"Psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation in rural South African adolescents","volume":"45","author":"HN Shilubane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.10.102","article-title":"Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among South African adolescents living with HIV: Can social support buffer the impact of stigma?","volume":"245","author":"M Casale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03292-4","article-title":"Stigma and mental health challenges among adolescents living with HIV in selected adolescent-specific antiretroviral therapy clinics in Zomba District, Malawi","volume":"22","author":"EC Kip","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref021","article-title":"Internalized HIV stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and high-risk suicidality among HIV-positive adolescents in rural Uganda","volume":"5","author":"S Ashaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Ment Health (Camb)"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-020-00348-0","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for youth suicidality among perinatally infected youths living with HIV\/AIDS in Uganda: the CHAKA study","volume":"14","author":"GZ Rukundo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref023","author":"E Gamassa","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.38.69.27843","article-title":"Suicide epidemic in Malawi: what can we do?","volume":"38","author":"GT Banda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref025","volume-title":"Suicide Prevention Implementation Framework","author":"Government of the Republic of Malawi","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330847.ref026","article-title":"Criminalisation of suicide and suicide rates: an ecological study of 171 countries in the world","volume":"12","author":"KC-C Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref027","unstructured":"Southern Africa Litigation Centre. Malawi: Man arrested and convicted for attempting to commit suicide. Southern Africa Litigation Centre. 2023. https:\/\/www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org\/2022\/11\/10\/malawi-man-arrested-and-convicted-for-attempting-to-commit-suicide\/"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-541","article-title":"Attitudes towards mental illness in Malawi: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"J Crabb","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281711","article-title":"Assessing suicidality during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Lessons learned from adaptation and implementation of a telephone-based suicide risk assessment and response protocol in Malawi","volume":"18","author":"KR Landrum","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3388-z","article-title":"Integrating depression management into HIV primary care in central Malawi: the implementation of a pilot capacity building program","volume":"18","author":"M Udedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04476-z","article-title":"The feasibility and acceptability of a task-shifted intervention for perinatal depression among women living with HIV in Malawi: a qualitative analysis","volume":"22","author":"K Kulisewa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-828","article-title":"Problem-solving therapy for depression and common mental disorders in Zimbabwe: piloting a task-shifting primary mental health care intervention in a population with a high prevalence of people living with HIV","volume":"11","author":"D Chibanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref033","article-title":"Adapting the Friendship Bench Intervention for Adolescents Living with HIV in Malawi.","volume-title":"JHU CFAR AYA International Meeting","author":"N Bhushan","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.06.008","article-title":"Evidence-based psychotherapies for suicide prevention: future directions","volume":"47","author":"GK Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.038","article-title":"A scoping review of counseling interventions for suicide prevention in Africa: Few studies address this life-saving aspect of mental health treatment","volume":"328","author":"BA Knettel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref036","article-title":"Friendship Bench intervention to address depression and improve HIV care engagement among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: Study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"TTD Dao","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9569","key":"pone.0330847.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60368-7","article-title":"Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge","volume":"369","author":"V Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330847.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00592-2","article-title":"Two implementation strategies to support the integration of depression screening and treatment into hypertension and diabetes care in Malawi (SHARP): parallel, cluster-randomised, controlled, implementation trial","volume":"12","author":"BW Pence","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0330847.ref039","first-page":"676","article-title":"Problem solving therapy - use and effectiveness in general practice","volume":"41","author":"D Pierce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5117-2","article-title":"Trained lay health workers reduce common mental disorder symptoms of adults with suicidal ideation in Zimbabwe: a cohort study","volume":"18","author":"E Munetsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330847.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2011.01.001","article-title":"Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk","volume":"19","author":"B Stanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2020-300199","article-title":"Technology and implementation science to forge the future of evidence-based psychotherapies: the PRIDE scale-up study","volume":"24","author":"ML Wainberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330847.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1276","article-title":"Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ): a brief instrument for the pediatric emergency department","volume":"166","author":"LM Horowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00333-0","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients","volume":"30","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0050-1","article-title":"Using a theory driven approach to develop and evaluate a complex mental health intervention: the friendship bench project in Zimbabwe","volume":"10","author":"D Chibanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref046","volume-title":"Safety Plan Intervention Rating Scale (SPIRS) for Adolescents, Version 3","author":"G Brown","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0330847.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-023-04070-8","article-title":"An intervention to improve mental health and hiv care engagement among perinatal women in Malawi: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"AM Bengtson","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref048","volume-title":"Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8). APA PsycNet: APA PsycTests","author":"CC Attkisson","year":"1982"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7189(79)90094-6","article-title":"Assessment of client\/patient satisfaction: development of a general scale","volume":"2","author":"DL Larsen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00333-0","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients","volume":"30","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120802032627","article-title":"Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV\/AIDS: the Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale","volume":"21","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330847.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000567","article-title":"Development and Validity of the Personal Suicide Stigma Questionnaire (PSSQ): a new tool to assess stigmatization among those who are suicidal","volume":"40","author":"J Rimkeviciene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.08.008","article-title":"The construct and measurement of suicide-related coping","volume":"258","author":"B Stanley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.72","article-title":"Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults","volume":"76","author":"KA Van Orden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref055","volume-title":"Rethinking hopelessness and suicide","author":"DM Rudd","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330847.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1778625","article-title":"The impact of discomfort with HIV status and hopelessness on depressive symptoms among adolescents living with HIV in Uganda","volume":"33","author":"P Cavazos-Rehg","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref057","first-page":"50","article-title":"The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS)","volume-title":"Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment","author":"DJA Dozois","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330847.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000959","article-title":"Brief version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (B-PSQI) and measurement invariance across gender and age in a population-based sample","volume":"33","author":"C Sancho-Domingo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref059","volume-title":"Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5)","author":"A Prins","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330847.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0928-6","article-title":"Primary care validation of a single-question alcohol screening test","volume":"24","author":"PC Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0330847.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39772","article-title":"Validity of the Single-Item Screen-Cannabis (SIS-C) for Cannabis Use Disorder Screening in Routine Care","volume":"5","author":"TE Matson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019062","article-title":"Social relationships and PTSD symptomatology in combat veterans","volume":"2","author":"S Wilcox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma: Theor Res Pract Policy"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-180","article-title":"Validation of the multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) and the relationship between social support, intimate partner violence and antenatal depression in Malawi","volume":"14","author":"RC Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02594-6","article-title":"The People Living with HIV (PLHIV) Resilience Scale: Development and Validation in Three Countries in the Context of the PLHIV Stigma Index","volume":"23","author":"A Gottert","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330847.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0330847.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00130-8","article-title":"Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale","volume":"38","author":"BF Chorpita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref067","volume-title":"DSM-5 TR Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptoms Measure--Child Age 11-17","author":"Association AP","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20154","article-title":"DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom measures: a step towards the future of psychiatric care?","volume":"13","author":"DE Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref069","volume-title":"Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field Guide for Applied Research","author":"PR Ulin","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330847.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-016-9428-5","article-title":"\u201cThey Say HIV is a Punishment from God or from Ancestors\u201d: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Assessment of an HIV Stigma Scale for South African Adolescents Living with HIV (ALHIV-SS)","volume":"11","author":"M Pantelic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Indic Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330847.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2019.1637912","article-title":"Community beliefs, HIV stigma, and depression among adolescents living with HIV in rural Uganda","volume":"18","author":"S Ashaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"key":"pone.0330847.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21520","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.4.21520","article-title":"Living and dying to be counted: What we know about the epidemiology of the global adolescent HIV epidemic","volume":"20","author":"AL Slogrove","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330847","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T17:28:46Z","timestamp":1756920526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330847"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Al-Khateeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330847","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}}}