{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:45:39Z","timestamp":1791611139051,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) includes vehicles, homes, and integrated sensors and many interconnected physical devices that gather and share data to interact with their environment. Data moving across multiple levels is vulnerable to various security threats, including leaks and unauthorized access. IoT faces significant challenges in balancing strict security with optimal performance metrics such as energy efficiency, throughput, and memory. We present a novel lightweight stream cipher designed to secure IoT communication and address these challenges. The proposed architecture features four main components: a logistic round module that produces 32-bit chaotic outputs; two 80-bit shift registers, LFSR and NLFSR, for key expansion; and multiplexer units to enhance confusion and diffusion. This model improves the randomness and robustness of the keystream, strengthening the cipher against cryptanalytic attacks. An ablation research is performed by methodically eliminating the chaotic map, NLFSR, and multiplexer components to assess their individual effects on encryption\/decryption duration, throughput, entropy, and avalanche analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that each component significantly improves the cipher\u2019s overall performance and security, hence confirming the architecture\u2019s design and also demonstrate that the proposed cipher exceeds the performance of current algorithms, including Grain-128 and RSA-1024, in terms of encryption\/decryption time, throughput, and energy efficiency, while maintaining comparable statistical randomness to AES and Trivium. This method achieves an average Shannon entropy of 7.9996, and successfully passing all 15 NIST statistical randomness tests. A subsequent study analyzing the avalanche effect and correlation coefficients reinforces the strength of the encryption. The proposed encryption method, designed for resource-constrained environments, provides efficient and robust cryptographic security to protect IoT data effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:50:16Z","timestamp":1757008216000},"page":"e0330976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["LWLCM: A novel lightweight stream cipher using logistic chaos function and multiplexer for IoT communications"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shahnwaz","family":"Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ubaidullah","family":"Bokhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0668-9796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahfooz","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Shahid","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Zunnun","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-2856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zubair","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0330976.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT60213.2024.10546141","article-title":"Navigating challenges in IoT: applications, limitations, tools and open research direction.","volume-title":"2024 IEEE 13th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT)","author":"M Ozaif","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330976.ref002","first-page":"424","article-title":"A secure and efficient identity-based RFID mutual Authentication scheme for IoT using elliptic curve cryptography","volume":"47","author":"M Ozaif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Compute Appl"},{"key":"pone.0330976.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35966","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2848586","article-title":"Lightweight block Ciphers for IoT: energy optimization and survivability techniques","volume":"6","author":"BJ Mohd","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0330976.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.09.001","article-title":"A survey on lightweight block ciphers for low-resource devices: Comparative study and open issues","volume":"58","author":"BJ Mohd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"pone.0330976.ref005","first-page":"171","article-title":"Trivium: A Stream Cipher Construction Inspired by Block Cipher Design Principles","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including Subser. 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